Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in dogs

Abstract

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis was performed on 13 healthy beagle dogs to determine whether percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in the dog was a feasible and safe procedure. Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic examinations were done at 0 and 10 minutes, in the 2nd and 16th hour, and on the 7th day. They included a detailed physical examination of the mucous membranes, cardiorespiratory system and abdominal organs. Laboratory examinations of the blood consisted of a complete blood count, determination of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), total plasma protein (TPP), parameters of haemostasis including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and enzyme activities reflecting hepatobiliary function, i.e. aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Ultrasonographic findings of the gallbladder (size, shape, wall, content) and appearance of the biliary tract and the surrounding cranial intraabdominal organs were also evaluated. Percutaneous ultrasoundguided cholecystocentesis was performed easily during the study, and dogs tolerated well the procedure performed without anaesthesia. All laboratory parameters of the blood remained within normal limits throughout the study. However, some follow-up values, i.e. PCV, TPP, APTT and ALT, demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared to baseline measurements, which might reflect the effect of 24-hour fasting before the experiment, as well as day-to-day metabolic fluctuations due to feeding and water supply during the study. There were no visible signs of bleeding from the liver, bile leakage from the gallbladder or accumulation of free peritoneal fluid during repeated ultrasonographic examinations. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis seems to be an important diagnostic procedure in canine gallbladder diseases and can be used safely and easily to gain gallbladder bile for diagnosis of bacterial cholecystitis or for investigating hepatobiliary function in the dog.

Cytological Findings of 140 Bile Samples from Dogs and Cats and Associated Clinical Pathological Data

“…Complications directly attributable to cholecystocentesis were low in this study, and comparable to previous reports,5, 16, 17 but nonetheless 2 dogs (<2% of all cases with available follow‐up information) suffered from iatrogenic bile peritonitis. However, necropsy findings suggested that bile peritonitis was not the predominant disease process in either case.…”

Microbiologic Evaluation of Gallbladder Bile of Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Iatrogenic Hypercortisolism: A Pilot Study

“…Another limitation was the potential risk associated with repeated PUC in hypercortisolemic dogs. Although PUC has been shown to be a safe and straightforward procedure in healthy dogs, 31 the risks associated with repeated PUC in hypercortisolemic dogs are unknown. For these reasons, the authors considered the present work a pilot study in order to insure that experimental design is optimized in more definitive studies to minimize the number of animals enrolled.…”

“…Dogs were fasted for 18–20 hours and sedated with acepromazine d (0.01 mg/kg IM) and buprenorphine e (0.05 μg/kg IM) 1 hour before gallbladder aspiration. PUC was carried out aseptically by a transhepatic approach as described previously 31 . Briefly, with the dog in dorsal recumbency, a 22 G, 3.5 in.…”

Fine needle biopsy of abdominal organs in dogs – indications, contraindications and performance technique

“…An indication for the gall bladder FNAB is also its decompensation in animals with extra liver biliary ducts obstruction (Iton 1984). In this case the Fine needle biopsy of abdominal organs in dogs...gall bladder should be maximally emptied during a puncture, which reduces the risk of bile leak to the peritoneal cavity and development of bile derivative hepatitis and peritonitis (Itoh 1984, Dodd et al 1996, Das et al 1997, Vörös et al 2002, Savary-Bataille et al 2003, Herman et al 2005. An indication for the gall bladder FNAB can also be suspicion of a neoplastic process.…”