Percutaneous absorption of uranium compounds

Rey, B.M. de; Lanfranchi, Héctor; Cabrini, R. L.

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(83)90233-5

Cited by 54 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the case of external contamination, in vivo studies have demonstrated that uranium can diffuse through the skin and induce renal failure, possibly leading to death (de Rey et al, 1983;Ubios et al, 1997). The most hydrosoluble uranium compounds, such as uranyl nitrate, have proven to be the most toxic, and their toxicity increases with exposure time and exposed area (Lopez et al, 2000).…”

Section: R E S E a R C H A R T I C L Ementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The observed rapid phase of the percutaneous diffusion of uranium could be due to a highly mobile chemical species of uranium. The higher the water solubility of a chemical form of uranium, the faster the percutaneous diffusion (de Rey et al, 1983). Another reasonable hypothesis to explain this rapid phase of the percutaneous diffusion of uranium is that electrolytes, such as UO 2 2+ (NO 3 − ) 2 , may diffuse principally through regions of physical discontinuity in the stratum corneum, created by skin appendages (Schaefer and Redelmeier, 1996).…”

Section: Validation Of the Maximum Uranium Flux Through Injured Skin mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Skinbarrier alterations were characterized by means of a histological study and by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Fluhr et al, 2006) and skin thickness. Injured skin biopsies were contaminated with a very soluble, transferable compound: uranyl nitrate (de Rey et al, 1983). The kinetics of the percutaneous penetration of uranyl nitrate through intact or injured skin biopsies were then measured in vitro by using the Franz diffusion cell model.…”

Section: R E S E a R C H A R T I C L Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the percutaneous penetration and distribution of uranyl nitrate as a function of skin-barrier integrity: anin vitroassessment

Petitot

Moreels

Paquet

2010

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

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As recommended by OECD Guidelines, percutaneous penetration studies consider intact skin, but rarely injured skin. Recent years have witnessed a growing concern for these two types of dermal exposure in the industry, particularly in the nuclear industry. The aim of this study was to show that a method based on an in vitro device can be used to realistically assess how skin-barrier alterations caused by occupational accidents can modify the percutaneous penetration and distribution of radionuclides, particularly uranium. Wounds encountered in the nuclear industry (i.e., nitric acid burns and abrasion) were simulated on hairless rat skin. Skin-barrier alterations were characterized by means of a histological study and by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin thickness. The percutaneous penetration of uranyl nitrate through intact or injured skin biopsies was then measured in vitro. The maximum uranium flux values obtained for intact skin, skin abrasion with stratum corneum removal, and skin exposed to 2 N HNO(3), 5 N HNO(3), and 14 N HNO(3) were, respectively, 0.6 +/- 0.02, 1.2 +/- 0.03, 1.2 +/- 0.04, 42.0 +/- 1.0, and 174.0 +/- 8.7 ng.cm(-2).h(-1). These results demonstrated that the percutaneous absorption of uranium increased with the increased impairment of the stratum corneum. TEWL, combined with maximum uranium flux values measured in vitro, yielded a good prediction of the percutaneous penetration of uranium through injured skin, previously observed in vivo. To conclude, this in vitro assay provides a conservative estimate of the percutaneous diffusion of uranium through intact or injured skin, making it a good alternative method for toxicological studies and risk assessments.

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Section: R E S E a R C H A R T I C L Ementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Validation Of the Maximum Uranium Flux Through Injured Skin mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: R E S E a R C H A R T I C L Ementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution of the percutaneous penetration and distribution of uranyl nitrate as a function of skin-barrier integrity: anin vitroassessment

Petitot

Moreels

Paquet

2010

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

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“…Experimental data derived from the application of uranium compounds to the skin of Wistar rats (de Rey et al, 1983) showed that systemic toxicity was correlated with the solubility of the applied substances. For example, a soluble species such as uranyl nitrate was actively transported across skin, causing toxic effects in the dermally exposed animals, but insoluble uranium oxide only produced transitory weight loss.…”

Section: Dermal Uptakementioning

confidence: 98%

Methodological considerations for determining cleanup limits for uranium in treated and untreated soils

Layton

Armstrong

1994

Journal of Soil Contamination

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Uranium-contaminated soils are present at various locations across the U.S. where uranium was processed for nuclear fuels or atomic weapons. Important issues in dealing with such contamination include the assessment of the potential health risks associated with human exposures to the residual uranium and the determination of safe levels of U in soils that have been treated by a given technology. This paper reviews pertinent aspects of the health risks posed by uranium in soils and discusses various methodological considerations that must be dealt with in developing cleanup limits for U in treated soils. Of special concern is the development of remediation limits that are closely tied to a set of monitoring requirements for determining compliance with derived limits. Key issues addressed include characterization of the bioavailability of uranium compounds in food and water, determination of a safe level of uranium in kidney tissue, estimation of the health risks associated with the uranium daughter products radium and radon, assessment of the potential for ground-water contamination, biogeochemical characterization of soil-treatment processes, and specification of appropriate monitoring and statistical protocols for analyzing treated and untreated soils.

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“…156 (2006) for information on the behavior of uranium and other radionuclides in wounds and a description of a model depicting idealized rates of mobilization of activity to blood. Experimental data on the rate of penetration of uranium through burned, scraped, or intact skin and references to related studies can be found in papers by de Rey et al 1983, Lopez et al 2000, and Petitot et al 2007.…”

Section: Action Levels For Urinary Uranium For Intake Through a Woundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling intake of uranium in the workplace: Applications of biokinetic modeling and occupational monitoring data

Leggett¹,

Eckerman²,

McGinn³

et al. 2012

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This report provides methods to interpret and apply occupational uranium monitoring data. The methods are based on current international radiation protection guidance, current information on the chemical toxicity of uranium, and best available biokinetic models for uranium. Emphasis is on air monitoring data and three types of bioassay data: the concentration of uranium in urine; the concentration of uranium in feces; and the externally measured content of uranium in the chest. Primary Reference guidance levels for prevention of chemical effects and limitation of radiation effects are selected based on a review of current scientific data and regulatory principles for setting standards. Generic investigation levels and immediate action levels are then defined in terms of these primary guidance levels. The generic investigation and immediate actions levels are stated in terms of radiation dose and concentration of uranium in the kidneys. These are not directly measurable quantities, but models can be used to relate the generic levels to the concentration of uranium in air, urine, or feces, or the total uranium activity in the chest. Default investigation and immediate action levels for uranium in air, urine, feces, and chest are recommended for situations in which there is little information on the form of uranium taken into the body. Methods are prescribed also for deriving case-specific investigation and immediate action levels for uranium in air, urine, feces, and chest when there is sufficient information on the form of uranium to narrow the range of predictions of accumulation of uranium in the main target organs for uranium: kidneys for chemical effects and lungs for radiological effects. In addition, methods for using the information herein for alternative guidance levels, different from the ones selected for this report, are described. v FOREWORDThis report provides a detailed description of uranium biokinetics and bioassays applicable to evaluation of health risks from potential intakes in an occupational setting. The report addresses both the radiotoxicity and chemical (renal) toxicity of uranium. For reference occupational exposure scenarios, predictions of the time-dependent concentration of uranium in tissues and bioassay are based on biokinetic models currently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The ICRP's models and default assumptions for uranium were based primarily on data for human subjects exposed to uranium in controlled studies or in occupational or environmental settings. In addition, the ICRP considered an extensive database for uranium in laboratory animals. Sensitivity studies examine the robustness of these models and assumptions to ensure that radiation doses and accumulation of uranium in the kidneys are not underestimated. For example, analyses indicate that a default 5 µm activity median aerodynamic diameter particle size can lead to an underestimation of radiation dose as well as the concentration of uranium in the kidneys if inhal...

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Percutaneous absorption of uranium compounds

Cited by 54 publications

References 6 publications

Evolution of the percutaneous penetration and distribution of uranyl nitrate as a function of skin-barrier integrity: anin vitroassessment

Evolution of the percutaneous penetration and distribution of uranyl nitrate as a function of skin-barrier integrity: anin vitroassessment

Methodological considerations for determining cleanup limits for uranium in treated and untreated soils

Controlling intake of uranium in the workplace: Applications of biokinetic modeling and occupational monitoring data

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