Percolating Reaction–Diffusion Waves (PERWAVES)—Sounding rocket combustion experiments

Reduction kinetics of combusted iron powder using hydrogen

“…The iron oxide powder used in this study is produced by combustion of high purity (99% Fe) iron powder from CNPC Powder (CNPC-FE400) in an in-house developed cyclonic burner [28]. While the exact combustion process is still a topic of active research [11,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], studies suggest that during the combustion process the iron powder melts and the molten iron droplets react with oxygen. They solidify in the burner exhaust and are captured using a cyclone.…”

Back to the future with emerging iron technologies

“… 29 Additionally, metal propellants such as iron powder have the prospect of being used for in situ resource utilization in future space missions. 30 However, there are currently limitations to its application in a clean energy distribution network because of the lack of efficient technologies for transferring chemical energy from metal fuels into electricity or mechanical energy for end-users. It is important to recognize that the implementation of clean energy technologies involves complex considerations, including environmental and social risks.…”

Hybrid Energy Storage and Hydrogen Supply Based on Aluminum—a Multiservice Case for Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Services

“…The obstacles for enabling the use of Fe as a recyclable carbon-free metal fuel is mostly related to the limited favorability of electricity integration in the reduction process and the development of a suitable combustion technology, with improvements recently published in the literature. [32,52] In order to prove the concept of solid Fe particle combustion a 20 kW Fe fuel burner was developed in Netherlands in 2018. [53] Following the positive outcomes, based on the proven concept, the developed Fe combustor was scaled-up to 100 kW power capacity in 2020 with a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 4-5.…”