Perceptual Learning Selectively Refines Orientation Representations in Early Visual Cortex

Jehee, Janneke; Ling, Sam; Swisher, Jascha D.; Bergen, van; Tong, Frank

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6112-11.2012

Cited by 134 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This classifier performed well in regions V1-V3 (t (11) ϭ 9.87; p ϭ 8.4 ϫ 10e-7; Fig. 2A, yellow bars), consistent with previous work (Kamitani and Tong, 2005;Jehee et al, 2011Jehee et al, , 2012. To investigate whether the orientation-selective responses for recalled gratings were similar to stimulus-driven activity, a third classifier was trained on activity patterns generated by passive viewing (P) and tested on the recalled orientation from neural patterns during cued recall (R).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Our findings dovetail with previous neuroimaging work that showed that voxel patterns in visual cortex are not only predictive of bottom-up visual processes, such as specific visual stimulus properties (Kamitani and Tong, 2005) and unconscious perception of a stimulus (Haynes and Rees, 2005), but that visual cortex is also involved in complex, top-down visual computations (Mumford, 1991;Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000): several fMRI studies showed that the participants' attentional state (Kamitani and Tong, 2005;Liu et al, 2007;Serences and Boynton, 2007;Jehee et al, 2011) and stimulus expectation can be predicted from activity patterns in early visual cortex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinstatement of Associative Memories in Early Visual Cortex Is Signaled by the Hippocampus

et al. 2014

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The cortical reinstatement hypothesis of memory retrieval posits that content-specific cortical activity at encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Evidence for cortical reinstatement was found in higher-order sensory regions, reflecting reactivation of complex object-based information. However, it remains unclear whether the same detailed sensory, feature-based information perceived during encoding is subsequently reinstated in early sensory cortex and what the role of the hippocampus is in this process. In this study, we used a combination of visual psychophysics, functional neuroimaging, multivoxel pattern analysis, and a well controlled cued recall paradigm to address this issue. We found that the visual information human participants were retrieving could be predicted by the activation patterns in early visual cortex. Importantly, this reinstatement resembled the neural pattern elicited when participants viewed the visual stimuli passively, indicating shared representations between stimulus-driven activity and memory. Furthermore, hippocampal activity covaried with the strength of stimulus-specific cortical reinstatement on a trial-by-trial level during cued recall. These findings provide evidence for reinstatement of unique associative memories in early visual cortex and suggest that the hippocampus modulates the mnemonic strength of this reinstatement.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinstatement of Associative Memories in Early Visual Cortex Is Signaled by the Hippocampus

et al. 2014

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“…We reasoned that if training could improve the neural representations of the motion stimuli (especially in the trained direction), as suggested by the TMS and psychophysical results, it was possible that decoding accuracies for the orthogonal directions could be improved by training. Similar approaches have been used previously (19)(20)(21). Before training, a repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of stimulus coherence level and a significant interaction between stimulus coherence level and area [V3A and MT+; both F(1,11) > 7.87l P < 0.05; Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Perceptual learning modifies the functional specializations of visual cortical areas

Chen

Cai

Zhou

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Training can improve performance of perceptual tasks. This phenomenon, known as perceptual learning, is strongest for the trained task and stimulus, leading to a widely accepted assumption that the associated neuronal plasticity is restricted to brain circuits that mediate performance of the trained task. Nevertheless, learning does transfer to other tasks and stimuli, implying the presence of more widespread plasticity. Here, we trained human subjects to discriminate the direction of coherent motion stimuli. The behavioral learning effect substantially transferred to noisy motion stimuli. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the transfer of learning. The TMS experiment revealed dissociable, causal contributions of V3A (one of the visual areas in the extrastriate visual cortex) and MT+ (middle temporal/medial superior temporal cortex) to coherent and noisy motion processing. Surprisingly, the contribution of MT+ to noisy motion processing was replaced by V3A after perceptual training. The fMRI experiment complemented and corroborated the TMS finding. Multivariate pattern analysis showed that, before training, among visual cortical areas, coherent and noisy motion was decoded most accurately in V3A and MT+, respectively. After training, both kinds of motion were decoded most accurately in V3A. Our findings demonstrate that the effects of perceptual learning extend far beyond the retuning of specific neural populations for the trained stimuli. Learning could dramatically modify the inherent functional specializations of visual cortical areas and dynamically reweight their contributions to perceptual decisions based on their representational qualities. These neural changes might serve as the neural substrate for the transfer of perceptual learning.perceptual learning | motion | psychophysics | transcranial magnetic stimulation | functional magnetic resonance imaging P erceptual learning, an enduring improvement in the performance of a sensory task resulting from practice, has been widely used as a model to study experience-dependent cortical plasticity in adults (1). However, at present, there is no consensus on the nature of the neural mechanisms underlying this type of learning. Perceptual learning is often specific to the physical properties of the trained stimulus, leading to the hypothesis that the underlying neural changes occur in sensory coding areas (2). Electrophysiological and brain imaging studies have shown that visual perceptual learning alters neural response properties in primary visual cortex (3, 4) and extrastriate areas including V4 (5) and MT+ (middle temporal/medial superior temporal cortex) (6), as well as object selective areas in the inferior temporal cortex (7,8). An alternative hypothesis proposes that perceptual learning is mediated by downstream cortical areas that are responsible for attentional allocation and/or decision-making, such as the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and anterior...

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“…First, the performance gains associated with visual perceptual learning involve plasticity-modulated physiological changes in V1 (Schoups et al 2001;Watanabe et al 2002;Fahle 2004;Pourtois et al 2008;Bao et al 2010;Vogels 2010;Sale et al 2011;Jehee et al 2012) and are increased by cholinergic enhancement (Rokem and Silver 2013). Second, temporal association and sequential motion enhances familiar object recognition and representation (Stone 1998(Stone , 1999Wallis 2002;Newell et al 2004;Vuong and Tarr 2004;Cox et al 2005;Sinha 2008, 2009;Li and DiCarlo 2008), showing that the primate visual system learns to use both spatial and temporal information.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher brain functions served by the lowly rodent primary visual cortex

Gavornik

Bear

2014

Learn. Mem.

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It has been more than 50 years since the first description of ocular dominance plasticity-the profound modification of primary visual cortex (V1) following temporary monocular deprivation. This discovery immediately attracted the intense interest of neurobiologists focused on the general question of how experience and deprivation modify the brain as a potential substrate for learning and memory. The pace of discovery has quickened considerably in recent years as mice have become the preferred species to study visual cortical plasticity, and new studies have overturned the dogma that primary sensory cortex is immutable after a developmental critical period. Recent work has shown that, in addition to ocular dominance plasticity, adult visual cortex exhibits several forms of response modification previously considered the exclusive province of higher cortical areas. These "higher brain functions" include neural reports of stimulus familiarity, reward-timing prediction, and spatiotemporal sequence learning. Primary visual cortex can no longer be viewed as a simple visual feature detector with static properties determined during early development. Rodent V1 is a rich and dynamic cortical area in which functions normally associated only with "higher" brain regions can be studied at the mechanistic level.

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Perceptual Learning Selectively Refines Orientation Representations in Early Visual Cortex

Cited by 134 publications

References 39 publications

Reinstatement of Associative Memories in Early Visual Cortex Is Signaled by the Hippocampus

Reinstatement of Associative Memories in Early Visual Cortex Is Signaled by the Hippocampus

Perceptual learning modifies the functional specializations of visual cortical areas

Higher brain functions served by the lowly rodent primary visual cortex

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