Perceptual integration and perceptual segregation of brief visual stimuli

Hogben, John; Lollo, Vincent Di

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(74)90202-8

Cited by 189 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…This was achieved in Experiment 3 by altering the display sequence: Instead of displaying the matrix in two flashes of 12 dots, each of the 24 dots was briefly displayed only once in random sequence at a regular inter-dot interval (with one exception as noted below). As has been shown by Hogben and Di Lollo (1974), if the inter-dot interval is such that the total duration of plotting of the 24 dots exceeds about 120 msec, the matrix appears to have several missing elements. Interestingly, Hogben and Di Lollo (1974) found that the apparently empty locations were those where a dot had been plotted more than about 120 msec before the termination of the display; that is, the persistence of the dots plotted early in the sequence had vanished before the last dot had been shown.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The technique, first described by Hogben and Di Lollo (1974), employed an oscilloscopic display consisting of a square matrix of 25 dots arranged in five rows and columns. One of the 25 dots, chosen randomly on every trial, was not plotted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only temporal factor that varied across conditions was the duration of the first portion of the display. Since there were no contextual cues outlining the framework of the matrix, identification of the location of the missing dot depended on the simultaneous perceptual availability of the total matrix form (see Hogben & Di Lollo, 1974).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal integration in visual memory.

Lollo¹

1980

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

409

309

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SUMMARYIconic memory has often been likened to a sensory store whose contents drain away rapidly as soon as the inducing stimulus is turned off. Instances of short-lived visible persistence have been explained in terms of the decaying contents of iconic store. A fundamental requirement of this storage model is that strength of persistence should be a decreasing function of time elapsed since the cessation-not since the onset-of the inducing stimulation. That is, strength of visible persistence may be directly related-but not inversely related-to the duration of the inducing stimulus.Two complementary paradigms were utilized in the present studies. In the first paradigm performance was facilitated by visible persistence in that the task required the bridging of a temporal gap between two successive displays. In the second paradigm (forward visual masking by pattern), performance was impaired by lingering visible persistence of the temporally leading mask. Both paradigms yielded evidence of an inverse relationship between duration of inducing stimulus and duration of visible persistence.More specifically, in a task requiring temporal integration of a pattern displayed briefly in two successive portions, performance was severely impaired if the duration of the leading part exceeded about 100 msec. This suggests an inverse relationship between duration of inducing stimulus and duration of sensory persistence and allows the inference that visual persistence may be identified more fittingly with ongoing neural processes than with the decaying contents of an iconic store. In keeping with this suggestion, two experiments disconfirmed the conjecture that lack of temporal integration following long inducing stimuli could be ascribed to emergence of unitary form separately in the two portions of the display or to the triggering of some sort of discontinuity detection mechanism within the visual system. In added support of a "processing" model, two further studies showed that the severity of forward masking by pattern declines sharply as the duration of the leading mask is increased.This pattern of results is equally unsupportive of a storage theory of iconic persistence as of perceptual moment theory in any of its versions. This is so because both theories regard interstimulus interval rather than stimulus-onset asynchrony as the crucial factor in temporal integration. Neither can the results be explained in terms of receptor adaptation or of metacontrast suppression. The theory of inhibitory channel interactions can encompass the more prominent aspects of the results but fails to account for foveal suppression and for some crucial temporal effects.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal integration in visual memory.

Lollo¹

1980

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

409

309

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“…If the display is sufficiently complex, long-term memory is not useful, and longer prime durations are possible. An example of a task requiring integration is the missing dot paradigm (e.g., Coltheart, 1980;Hogben & Di Lollo, 1974). Half of a matrix of dots is presented in an initial display and the other half of the matrix, minus one dot, is presented in a subsequent display.…”

Section: Direct Behavioral Measures Of Persistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and accommodation in short-term priming and other perceptual paradigms: temporal segregation through synaptic depression

Huber

2003

Cognitive Science

140

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Perceptual input changes constantly in an unpredictable fashion, often changing before our somewhat sluggish perceptual systems have adequately processed this input. This can give rise to source confusion-how do we know whether a given perceptual activation is due to the current input, or a previous input that had yet to be completely processed? We propose that activity-dependent neural accommodation naturally limits this source confusion by suppressing items once they have been identified. We review behavioral paradigms from different literatures that measure the correlates of persistence and accommodation. Of the various accommodative mechanisms, we focus on synaptic depression, deriving a rate-coded expression that can be used to produce accommodating dynamics in any neural network with real valued activation. We implement this expression in a hierarchical model of perception termed, "a neural mechanism for responding optimally with unknown sources of evidence" (nROUSE). This model can be viewed as a more detailed version of the more abstract ROUSE model of Huber, Shiffrin, Lyle, and Ruys (2001), which produces accommodated levels of feature evidence through an optimal calculation. We apply nROUSE to three short-term priming experiments that manipulated prime duration.

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“…An alternate store, visible persistence, is a briefly lingering low-level stimulus representation that is extinguished within approximately 100-200 ms of stimulus offset (Coltheart, 1980;Di Lollo, 1980;Hogben & Di Lollo, 1974). However, manipulations that occur beyond this time window still influence OSM (Goodhew et al, 2012;Goodhew et al, 2011a;Lleras & Moore, 2003).…”

Section: Visual Short-term Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

et al. 2013

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Object substitution masking (OSM) occurs when a sparse (e.g., four-dot), temporally trailing mask obscures the visibility of a briefly presented target. Here, we review theories of OSM: those that propose that OSM reflects the interplay between feedforward and feedback/reentrant neural processes, those that predict that feedforward processing alone gives rise to the phenomenon, and theories that focus on cognitive explanations, such as object updating. We discuss how each of these theories accommodates key findings from the OSM literature. In addition, we examine the relationship between OSM and other visual-cognitive phenomena, including object correspondence through occlusion, change blindness, metacontrast masking, backward masking, and visual short-term memory. Finally, we examine the level of processing at which OSM impairs target perception. Collectively, OSM appears to reflect the conditions under which the brain confuses two visual events for one when they are encoded with low spatiotemporal resolution, due to processing resources being otherwise occupied.Keywords Object substitution masking . Attention . Reentrant processing . Consciousness When observing a visual scene, at any point in time, we are conscious of only a small fraction of the available information. Given this limitation, it is important to understand the mechanisms that determine what stimuli we become conscious of, when we become conscious of them, and the nature of processing that occurs in the absence of explicit awareness. There exists a long and rich history in experimental psychology of using visual masking to explore such issues. Visual masking refers to conditions where the visibility of one to-be-reported visual stimulus (the target) is obscured by the presentation of another stimulus (the mask) that appears in close spatiotemporal proximity and does not require report. Object substitution masking (OSM) is a recent discovery in the field of visual masking and is an ideal tool for exploring questions about visual awareness because it selectively impairs the extent to which an individual becomes conscious of a visual stimulus without the extent of image-level degradation that other forms of visual masking induce. This review, therefore, focuses on the determinants and consequences of visual awareness in OSM.Here, we integrate a diverse range of literature to discern what OSM can tell us about perceptual consciousness and visual cognition in general. Specifically, we discuss the role of feedforward versus feedback processing in giving rise to OSM, whether the phenomenon is better characterized as reflecting object updating or object substitution, the similarities and differences between OSM and other forms of masking, and OSM's relationship to other visual-cognitive phenomena. In addition, we review evidence regarding the role of attention in masking. Our aim is to address controversies in the OSM literature in depth and offer insights into how some of them may already be resolved and how the field might go about resolving ...

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Perceptual integration and perceptual segregation of brief visual stimuli

Cited by 189 publications

References 10 publications

Temporal integration in visual memory.

Temporal integration in visual memory.

Persistence and accommodation in short-term priming and other perceptual paradigms: temporal segregation through synaptic depression

Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

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