“…Efferent-induced changes in human subcortical auditory function have, by necessity, almost exclusively been assessed through non-invasive objective measurements. Some reports have demonstrated that otoacoustic emissions (i.e., proxy measures of outer hair cell function) are modulated online by attention (Wittekindt et al, 2014;Smith and Cone, 2015;Hernandez-Perez et al, 2021) or through short-or long-term training (Perrot et al, 2006;de Boer and Thornton, 2008;Bidelman et al, 2014Bidelman et al, , 2016Bidelman et al, , 2017. Other reports using similar methodologies have failed to replicate these findings (Stuart and Butler, 2012;Francis et al, 2018;Jedrzejczak et al, 2020).…”