Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial

Best, Russell; Maulder, Peter S; Berger, Nicolas

doi:10.3390/beverages7010009

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Similarly, tympanic temperature differed by <0.4 • C across the entire exposure, and whilst post-hoc testing showed significant effects between time points even with the conservative Bonferroni correction (p values ranged from p < 0.001 to = 1.00), all participants' temperatures remained <37 • C, so were at low risk for heat related illness, with any differences likely not of practical importance. This supports previous work from our group, which has demonstrated that carbohydrate or water swilling may induce changes in heart rate during passive heat exposure, but menthol mouth swilling does not [31]. We acknowledge that both heart rate and tympanic temperature were significantly influenced by time, but the practical significance of these statistical conclusions are questionable, given their physiologically small magnitude, and the low-risk nature of the heat exposure within this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Participants visited the laboratory on two separate occasions for a duration of 60 min per visit. They were requested to wear lightweight exercise clothes, with an insulative value of approximately 0.45-0.61 CLO (e.g., T-shirt, shorts; [30,31]). All tests were carried out in a sealed environmental heat chamber and were conducted in hot environmental conditions (35 ± 0.2 • C, 40 ± 0.5% relative humidity), with no additional radiant heat load or convective cooling.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Randomization for each of the participants' solution order was conducted using a counter balanced approach. We have previously used a similar design to assess differing solutions applied during passive heat exposure [31], and the time-period between swills was devised following pilot data gathered during heat acclimation studies, which are yet to be published. Participants and facilitators were blinded to the type of solution and were informed of the effects of the different mouth rinse solutions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TC scale contains values of −0 and +0 to numerically describe "just uncomfortable" and "just comfortable", respectively [32]. These descriptions are encoded as −0.5 and +0.5, to ensure distinction between the thermal states and agreement with the direction of participants' perceptions [31]. To help distinguish perceptions of TC and TS, participants were asked to imagine lying on a sun-lounger in a hot holiday destination.…”

Section: Perceptual Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TS describes the degree of perceived thermal load from environmental or metabolic heat sources, e.g., radiant heat, windspeed or exercise. Participants acknowledged the difference between the two sensations and were confident in their abilities to differentiate between the two perceptual measures [31]. Participants were also asked to report their preferred solution, at the completion of each visit.…”

Section: Perceptual Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants

et al. 2021

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Due to its volatility, the qualitative experience of menthol may be modulated by its preparation and combination with other compounds. One such method of preparation is dilution, with two dilution methods existing within the sport and exercise science literature, where menthol is used to impart feelings of oral cooling and improve thermal comfort and sensation during heat exposure. This study compared these two dilution methods; one using a solvent the other using temperature, via a randomized counterbalanced repeated measures design (n = 12; Height: 174.0 ± 8.5 cm Mass: 73.4 ± 13.3 kg Age: 28.7 ± 8.4 y; two exposures to each solution) to assess the effect of solution and heat exposure, upon thermal comfort, thermal sensation and associated physiological parameters in non-heat acclimated participants. Thermal comfort was significantly affected by solution (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.017) and time (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.228), whereas thermal sensation was significantly affected by time only (p = 0.012; η2 = 0.133), as was tympanic temperature (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.277). Small to moderate clear differences between solutions at matched time points were also observed. These trends and effects suggest that, depending upon the dilution method employed, the resultant perceptual effects are likely impacted; this also likely depends upon the timing of menthol administration within a heat exposure session.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perceptual Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perceptual Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants

et al. 2021

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A 0.1% L-Menthol Mouth Swill in Elite Male Rugby Players Has Different Effects in Forwards and Backs

Jerram

Baker

Smith

et al. 2023

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: Menthol mouth swills can improve endurance performance in the heat, which is attributed to attenuations in nonthermally derived thermal sensation (TS) and perception of effort. However, research in elite team-sport athletes is absent. Therefore, this study investigated the performance and TS responses to a 0.1% menthol mouth rinse (MR) or placebo (PLA) among elite male rugby union players. Method: Twenty-seven (15 Forwards and 12 Backs) elite male Super Rugby players completed two 3-minute 15-a-side rugby-specific conditioning blocks, with MR or PLA provided at the start of training (baseline), at the start of each 3-minute block (swill 1 [S1] and swill 2 [S2]), and at the end of training (swill 3 [S3]). TS was assessed using the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers 9-point Analog Sensation Scale after each swill and at baseline (preconditioning block). Acceptability was measured after baseline swill and S3 using a 5-question Likert scale. Physical performance was measured throughout training using global positioning system metrics. Results: MR attenuated TS from baseline to S1 (P = .003, SD = 1.01) and S2 (P = .002, SD = 1.09) in Forwards only, compared with PLA. Acceptability was higher only for Forwards in MR versus PLA at baseline (P = .003, SD = 1.3) and S3 (P = .004, SD = 0.75). MR had no effect on physical performance metrics (P > .05). Conclusion: MR attenuated the rise in TS with higher acceptability at S1 and S3 (in Forwards only) with no effect on selected physical performance metrics. Longer-duration exercise (eg, a match) in hot–humid conditions eliciting markedly increased body temperatures could theoretically allow favorable changes in TS to enhance performance—these postulations warrant experimental investigation.

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A Review of the Digestive, Respiratory and Nocioceptive Benefits, Associated Performance Outcomes and Clinical Considerations following Mint and Menthol application

Best

2023

MRAJ

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Mint and to a lesser extent menthol have been used since antiquity for medicinal purposes. Key components of mint and menthol use such as composition and intake, safety and traditional uses are discussed prior to a review of clinical and human performance outcomes in the areas of digestive and respiratory health; antibacterial and anti-fungal properties, nocioception, migraine and headache and emerging evidence regarding COVID 19. Evidence suggests benefit for patients with irritable bowel syndrome and related digestive issues, with analgesic and respiratory effects also noted. Perceptual characteristics relating to thermal comfort and sensation, taste sensitivity and alertness are also considered; these effects are predominantly driven by stimulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) activity resulting in sensations of cooling and freshness, with lesser influence on thirst. Finally, sport performance is considered as a domain that may further elucidate some of the aforementioned underpinning outcomes due to its systemic and dynamic nature, especially when performed in hot environmental conditions.

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Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial

Cited by 7 publications

References 84 publications

Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants

Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants

A 0.1% L-Menthol Mouth Swill in Elite Male Rugby Players Has Different Effects in Forwards and Backs

A Review of the Digestive, Respiratory and Nocioceptive Benefits, Associated Performance Outcomes and Clinical Considerations following Mint and Menthol application

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