Perceptions of Risk Level of Precaution Used to Prevent HIV/Aids Infection. A Study of Zimbabwean Migrant Women Living in Johannesburg

Abstract

Background: The different aspects of pulmonary pathology in HIV/AIDS are unknown in autopsies. In this study were described the demographic data, etiologic and histologic pulmonary findings in different associated pathologies of 353 autopsies of patients with HIV/AIDS and acute respiratory failure (ARF) as cause of death between 1990 and 2000.Method: Were obtained following data: age, sex, and major associated diseases (found at autopsy and/or previously the death). Pulmonary histopathology was categorized as: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD); pulmonary edema (PE); alveolar hemorrhage (AH); and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). Odds ratio (OR) of the AIDS-associated diseases develop specific histopathologic pattern was determined by logistic regression.Results: Were observed 263 HIV/AIDS-infected men and 90 women. The mean age was 35 years. Bacterial bronchopneumonia was present in 29% (154 cases), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in 15% (78 cases), tuberculosis in 11% (55), severe sepsis and/or shock septic in 8% (41), cytomegalovirus in 7% (37). Pulmonary histopathology showed AIP in 28% (99 patients), DAD in 25% (89), PE in 9% (33) and AH in 8% (29). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significantly positive association between PJP and AIP (OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 2.46-8.24; p < 0.001), severe sepsis and/or shock septic and DAD (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.78-7.27; p < 0.001), cytomegalovirus and AIP (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.01-4.93; p = 0.05).Conclusion: For the first time we showed in autopsies the demographic data, etiologic diagnosis and respective histopathologic findings in patients with HIV/AIDS and ARF as cause of death. More studies are necessary to elucidate the complete pulmonary fisiopathologic mechanism involved with each AIDS-associated disease.

The Trials and Tribulations of Zimbabwean Precarious Women Workers in Johannesburg: A Cry for Help?

“…Some of the risks involve HIV infections amongst women raped by the police, as they are not able to negotiate sex and condom use. This confirms some of the concerns raised by Munyewende (2008) who also discovered that mi-…”

Paradoxical Payoffs: Migrant Women, Informal Sector Work, and HIV/AIDS in South Africa

“…Interviewees reported incidents where a woman would sell sex for as little as two pieces of chicken, school fees for her child, or for paltry amounts of ten or twenty Rands (approximately two to three U.S. dollars). Not surprisingly, povertydriven informal sexual exchanges have been said to involve more risk-taking behaviors [29,30,32]. Service providers indicated that the condom negotiating power of women with pressing survival needs was significantly low, with men often offering more money for "skin to skin" sex or even using violence to exact it.…”

Paradoxical Payoffs: Migrant Women, Informal Sector Work, and Hiv/Aids in South Africa

“…Interviewees reported incidents where a woman would sell sex for as little as two pieces of chicken, school fees for her child, or for paltry amounts often or twenty Rands (approximately two to three U.S. dollars). Not surprisingly, povertydriven informal sexual exchanges have been said to involve more risk-taking behaviors [29,30,32]. Service providers indicated that the condom negotiating power of women with pressing survival needs was significantly low, with men often offering more money for "skin to skin" sex or even using violence to exact it.…”

“…The need to maintain a narrative of non-commerciality of sexual exchanges may lead to women's diminished capacity to insist on condom use. For example, the women interviewed by Munyewende [32] went to great lengths to maintain the distinction between "survival sex" and "commercial sex work." Another manifestation of this discourse was the reluctance to ask male partners for a specific, pre-agreed sum of money.…”