“…Freidrichs (2010), however, noted a handful of early studies revealing that the public viewed unsafe products and selling contaminated food as worse, under certain circumstances, than armed robbery and arson (see, e.g., Cullen et al 1985; Hauber, Toonvliet, & Willemse, 1988; Holland, 1995). Recent trends indicate that certain types of white-collar crimes, especially those involving injury or death, are seen as quite serious (Cullen, Link, & Polanzi, 1982; Isenring, 2008; Schrager & Short, 1980). Cullen et al (1983) discovered that perceptions of the seriousness of white-collar crime increased during the 1970s, especially compared to other offenses.…”