Perception of cartoon humor as a function of familiarity and anxiety level.

Schick, Connie; McGlynn, Richard P.; Woolam, Dennis

doi:10.1037/h0033305

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In contrast to the findings reported here for trait anxiety, both null results and those in the opposite direction have been observed in two research reports that investigated similar hypotheses but used procedures that encouraged conscious preference formation ( Schick et al, 1972 ; Campbell and McKeen, 2011 ). A possible relationship between intentionality and the nature of preference formation may explain this apparent inconsistency.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Trait and state anxiety reduce the mere exposure effect

Ladd

Gabrieli

2015

Front. Psychol.

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The mere exposure effect refers to an affective preference elicited by exposure to previously unfamiliar items. Although it is a well-established finding, its mechanism remains uncertain, with some positing that it reflects affective processes and others positing that it reflects perceptual or motor fluency with repeated items. Here we examined whether individual differences in trait and state anxiety, which have been associated with the experience of emotion, influence the mere exposure effect. Participants’ trait (Study 1) and state (Study 2) anxiety were characterized with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Greater trait and state anxiety correlated with greater negative affect and lesser positive affect. In both experiments, greater anxiety was associated with a reduced mere exposure effect. Measures of fluency (response times at study and test) were unrelated to the mere exposure effect. These findings support the role of affective processes in the mere exposure effect, and offer a new insight into the nature of anxiety such that anxiety is associated with a reduced experience of positive affect typically associated with familiarity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Trait and state anxiety reduce the mere exposure effect

Ladd

Gabrieli

2015

Front. Psychol.

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“…First, because a mere exposure effect is more likely when novel stimuli are presented (Gaudreau & Peretz, 1999;Schick, McGlynn, & Woolam, 1972), the relative novelty of the stimuli for the participants who had not followed Hashimoto and the other two politicians before the treatment could have constituted a lenient test of the mere exposure effect. Second, an alternative explanation is that Hashimoto's increased feeling thermometer score was produced by online processing (Lodge, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tweets That Matter: Evidence From a Randomized Field Experiment in Japan

Kobayashi¹,

Ichifuji

2015

Political Communication

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Although election campaigns are increasingly utilizing social media, only a few studies have investigated their effects experimentally. To fill this gap in the literature, we conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of a campaign that used Twitter during the 2013 House of Councillors election in Japan. The treatment was exposure to tweets from Tōru Hashimoto, the mayor of Osaka and co-leader of the Japan Restoration Party, who has the largest number of Twitter followers among Japanese politicians. Participants assigned to the treatment group followed Hashimoto and the two placebos, whereas those assigned to the control condition followed only the two placebos. They followed the politicians continuously for approximately one month. Pre-and posttreatment measures were collected using online surveys, and treatment compliance was continuously checked via Twitter application programming interface (API). Following Hashimoto on Twitter during the election campaign had a positive impact on feelings toward Hashimoto. This effect was not mediated by issue knowledge or the evaluation of Hashimoto's personal traits, and no effects were observed on voting. These findings suggest that repeated exposure to a politician's messages on Twitter may only result in a mere exposure effect, which nevertheless generates favorable overall attitudes about the politician.

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“…Although the mere exposure effect has been demonstrated in more than 200 experiments, the influence of individual differences in susceptibility to it has been tested only eight times. Of the individual difference variables examined, only anxiety (Schick, McGlynn, & Woolam, 1972), boredom proneness (Bornstein, Kale, & Cornell, 1990), and toleranceintolerance of ambiguity (Crandall, 1968) have been found to relate to the mere exposure effect. Persons with high anxiety, low boredom proneness, and intolerance of ambiguity prefer the familiarized to the unfamiliarized more than do their counterparts on these individual difference variables.…”

Section: Do Individual Differences Moderate the Mere Exposure Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Affect in the Mere Exposure Effect: Evidence from Psychophysiological and Individual Differences Approaches

Harmon‐Jones

Allen

2001

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

217

153

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Theideathatrepeatedexposuretoastimulusissuffi-cient to produce more positive attitudes toward the stimulus is an old idea, proposed by several psychologists (Fechner, 1876;James, 1890;Maslow, 1937). In 1968, Zajonc reviewed nearly a century of research supporting this idea and then presented the results of four experiments that provided strong support for it. In one experiment, college students viewed college yearbook photographs of men 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25 times and then rated how much they liked the men. A significant positive relation between frequency of exposure and liking emerged.Research has continued to demonstrate that familiar stimuli are preferred to unfamiliar stimuli. That is, presenting novel stimuli repeatedly without any reinforcement produces more positive attitudes toward those stimuli. This effect has been termed the mere exposure effect (Zajonc, 1968).

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Perception of cartoon humor as a function of familiarity and anxiety level.

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Trait and state anxiety reduce the mere exposure effect

Trait and state anxiety reduce the mere exposure effect

Tweets That Matter: Evidence From a Randomized Field Experiment in Japan

The Role of Affect in the Mere Exposure Effect: Evidence from Psychophysiological and Individual Differences Approaches

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