Perception and Stimulus Generalization

Malott, Richard W.; Malott, Marilyn Kay

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4514-6_17

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…There is some precedence for interpreting unconditioned responses to the onset of tones as "perceived loudness" in both humans and animals (Bartoshuk, 1962;Blough & Blough, 1977;Leavitt et al, 1976;Malott & Malott, 1970;J. Miller, Kimm, Clopton, & Fetz, 1970;Moody, 1970;Robinson & Dadson, 1956;Scharf, 1978;Stebbins, 1966Stebbins, , 1970aStebbins, , 1970bStevens, 1975).…”

Section: "Perceived Loudness"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of responsiveness to suprathreshold acoustic stimulation in chickens.

Gray

Rubel²

1981

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Developmental changes in an unconditioned response to acoustic stimulation were observed in young chickens. Specifically, durations of distress call (peep) suppression were measured after the onsets of tones that differed in intensity and frequency in 384 newly hatched and 4-day-old chicks. Resuppression was also measured after a 6% change in the frequency of these tones, once the animals had habituated to the original tone. The data showed that the suppression varied systematically as a function of age, intensity, and frequency: (a) the duration of suppression increased with increasing stimulus intensity, as expected; (b) responsiveness to high frequencies grew more rapidly over the first 4 days than responsiveness to low frequencies, an effect indicating a developmental gradient across frequencies with age; (c) resuppression to the 6% change in frequency increased in duration with age; and (d) young birds suppressed vocalizations longer to loud tones in the range of their species' maternal assembly call than to other frequency-intensity combinations. These developmental trends indicate rapid changes in "perceived loudness" and "perceptual sharpening" over the first few days of postnatal life.The normally occurring processes that culminate in mature or asymptotic responses to sensory stimulation remain largely undocumented despite the fact that nearly all animals must somehow come to attend to relevant stimuli and stimulus changes in their environment. This gap in our knowledge is understandable, given the difficulties inherent in interpreting animals' responses to different stimuli and the still greater difficulties in measuring rapid developmental changes in these traits. Nevertheless, these problems in "developmental animal psychophysics" (as this area of inquiry might be termed) can be simplified by describing the functions that relate changes in responses to changes in stimulation, and by describing how these functions change over the first few days of life. To this end, this research is an example of how one stereotyped response (peep suppression in young chickens) is affected bypure tones that differ in frequency and intensity and how the effect of those stimuli changes over the first 96 hr of life.

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Section: "Perceived Loudness"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of responsiveness to suprathreshold acoustic stimulation in chickens.

Gray

Rubel²

1981

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…For example, Honig (1965) demonstrated the transfer of a sameness-difference discrimination in a procedure that reinforced responses to one of two keys if both were lighted alike, and to the other if the keys were different. Malott and Malott (1970) (SEPTEMBER) three-key procedure arranges reinforcement for pecking the matching key and extinction for pecking the nonmatching key concurrently within each trial. As a consequence, a pigeon trained on the standard three-key procedure can achieve high levels of accuracy by learning only to peck the matching key (i.e., learning only a set of SD rules), without learning explicitly to refrain from pecking the nonmatching key.…”

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confidence: 99%

TRANSFER OF HUE MATCHING IN PIGEONS¹

Urcuioli

Nevin

1975

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Pigeons were trained on a modified three-key matching-to-sample procedure, in which only one comparison key (rather than two) was lighted after an observing response to the centerkey standard. Pecks on keys of matching comparison hues were reinforced. When nonmatching hues appeared as the initially lighted comparisons, the nonmatching hue terminated, and the matching hue appeared on the other side key only if the pigeon did not peck the nonmatching comparison for 4.8 sec. Pecks to the nonmatching hue reset the 4.8-sec delay interval. Three hues were used during acquisition. During transfer tests, two novel hues were substituted individually or together for one or two of the training hues. Latencies to the novel side-key hue were shortest when a novel matching hue appeared as the standard on the center key, and were essentially identical to baseline matching latencies. In contrast, when a novel hue appeared as either a standard or comparison in a nonmatching combination, latencies increased with increasing separation between the novel hue and the nonmatching hue. These transfer data demonstrate the concept of hue matching.Key words: matching-to-sample, transfer, concept of matching, hue dimension, key peck, pigeons Cumming and Berryman (1961) reported that pigeons trained to high levels of accuracy on a three-key simultaneous matching-to-sample task did not exhibit transfer to a novel hue. Farthing and Opuda (1974) showed that pigeons do not exhibit transfer even if they have a history of reinforcement for pecking the novel hue outside the matching context. These data, together with related findings , suggest that pigeons in a matching-to-sample experiment learn only a set of specific "SD rules" (for example, "if red on center, peck red on side", "if green on center, peck green on side", "if blue on center, peck blue on side"

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“…In a stimulus generalization paradigm, an animal is first trained to respond to a signal stimulus, and then behavioral responses to test stimuli are measured ͑Malott and Malott, 1970;Hulse, 1995͒. The stimuli that are presented typically vary systematically along some physical dimension, and a systematic gradient in behavioral responses suggests that the animal possesses a perceptual dimension related to the stimulus dimension ͑Gutt-man, 1963͒.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In stimulus generalization paradigms, an animal is trained to respond to a specific stimulus, and then responses are measured to test stimuli that vary systematically along some stimulus dimension ͑Malott and Malott, 1970͒. A systematic change in behavioral response along the physical dimension of the stimulus is known as a generalization gradient and implies that the animal possesses a perceptual dimension related to the physical dimension ͑Gutt-man, 1963͒.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Listening experience with iterated rippled noise alters the perception of ‘pitch’ strength of complex sounds in the chinchilla

Shofner

Whitmer

Yost

2005

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Behavioral responses obtained from chinchillas trained to discriminate a cosine-phase harmonic tone complex from wideband noise indicate that the perception of 'pitch' strength in chinchillas is largely influenced by periodicity information in the stimulus envelope. The perception of 'pitch' strength was examined in chinchillas in a stimulus generalization paradigm after animals had been retrained to discriminate infinitely iterated rippled noise from wideband noise. Retrained chinchillas gave larger behavioral responses to test stimuli having strong fine structure periodicity, but weak envelope periodicity. That is, chinchillas learn to use the information in the fine structure and consequently, their perception of 'pitch' strength is altered. Behavioral responses to rippled noises having similar periodicity strengths, but large spectral differences were also tested. Responses to these rippled noises were similar, suggesting a temporal analysis can be used to account for the behavior. Animals were then retested using the cosine-phase harmonic tone complex as the expected signal stimulus. Generalization gradients returned to those obtained originally in the naïve condition, suggesting that chinchillas do not remain "fine structure listeners," but rather revert back to being "envelope listeners" when the periodicity strength in the envelope of the expected stimulus is high.

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Perception and Stimulus Generalization

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Development of responsiveness to suprathreshold acoustic stimulation in chickens.

Development of responsiveness to suprathreshold acoustic stimulation in chickens.

TRANSFER OF HUE MATCHING IN PIGEONS¹

Listening experience with iterated rippled noise alters the perception of ‘pitch’ strength of complex sounds in the chinchilla

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Perception and Stimulus Generalization

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Development of responsiveness to suprathreshold acoustic stimulation in chickens.

Development of responsiveness to suprathreshold acoustic stimulation in chickens.

TRANSFER OF HUE MATCHING IN PIGEONS1

Listening experience with iterated rippled noise alters the perception of ‘pitch’ strength of complex sounds in the chinchilla

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TRANSFER OF HUE MATCHING IN PIGEONS¹