Perceiving Distance: A Role of Effort and Intent

Witt, Jessica K.; Proffítt, Dennis R.; Epstein, William

doi:10.1068/p5090

Cited by 255 publications

(414 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For instance, perceived distance increases and hills seem steeper under conditions requiring more physical exertion (e.g. when carrying a heavy load; Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999;Sugovic & Witt, 2013;Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2004). These apparent spatial distortions as a function of required effort are also mirrored for the perception of time.…”

Section: Mental and Physical Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3).Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.Keywords: Sense of agency, temporal binding, intentional binding, experience of effort, time perception. EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 3 Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agencyIt is important that the human motor system can efficiently process events which are the result of its own actions, and to discriminate these from events in the world for which it is not responsible. For instance, if I kick a ball and it knocks over and smashes a vase of flowers, I know my action of kicking the ball was responsible for the vase smashing. Selfauthored events like this tend to be easy to identify and this feeling that 'I did it' is known as a sense of agency. Some actions are more effortful than others; kicking a ball as hard as one can might break a vase, but so might brushing one's arm against it as one walks past it precariously positioned near the edge of a table. Both these actions have the same outcome, but might require the action monitoring system to respond differently in order to correctly ascribe agency. Here, we tested the role of physical and mental effort on the ascription of sense of agency, using an implicit measure.

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Section: Mental and Physical Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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“…Second, participants are instructed to remain completely still with their heads immobilized with padding. This is potentially problematic given that the ability to act is known to alter spatial perception (e.g., Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003;Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2004;Lourenco & Longo, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right hemisphere control of visuospatial attention in near space

et al. 2015

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“…In a series of recent papers, Proffitt and his colleagues have provided evidence that the visually perceived distance to a target is influenced both by the energy expenditure required to carry out an action spanning that distance and by the physiological state of the person (Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999;Proffitt, Bhalla, Gossweiler, & Midgett, 1995;Profitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003;Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2004). In particular, Profitt et al (2003) reported that observers, who wore a heavy backpack while judging the distance to a target with the expectation of having to walk to it while wearing the backpack, reported greater distances than participants who did not wear backpacks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Energy Expenditure Affect the Perception of Egocentric Distance? A Failure to Replicate Experiment 1 of Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003)

Hutchison

Loomis

2006

Span. J. Psychol.

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In a series of recent studies, Proffitt and his colleagues have reported that the perceived distance to a target is influenced by the energy expenditure associated with any action, such as walking or throwing, for spanning the distance to the target. In particular, Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003) reported that wearing a heavy backpack caused verbal reports of distance to increase. We conducted a study to determine whether three responses dependent on perceived distance (verbal report of distance, blind walking, and estimates of object size) are influenced by the backpack manipulation. In two experiments, one involving a between-participants design and the other involving a within-participants design, we found that none of the three responses were influenced by the wearing of a heavy backpack. Keywords: distance perception, energy expenditureEn una serie reciente de trabajos, Proffitt y sus colegas informaron de que la distancia a la que se percibe una estimulación diana se ve afectada por el gasto de energía asociado a la realización de cualquier acción, como andar o lanzar un objeto, que pueda realizarse para cubrir la distancia hasta la estimulación diana. Concretamente, Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton y Epstein (2003) afirmaron que llevar una mochila pesada hizo que se incrementasen los informes verbales sobre la distancia. Realizamos un estudio para verificar si tres respuestas que dependen de la distancia percibida (informe verbal de distancia, andar a ciegas y estimaciones del tamaño de un objeto) son afectadas por el uso de la mochila. En dos experimentos, uno con un diseño inter-participantes y el otro con un diseño intra-participantes, encontramos que ninguna de las tres respuestas era afectada por llevar una mochila pesada. Palabras clave: percepción de la distancia, gasto de energía

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Perceiving Distance: A Role of Effort and Intent

Cited by 255 publications

References 13 publications

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Right hemisphere control of visuospatial attention in near space

Does Energy Expenditure Affect the Perception of Egocentric Distance? A Failure to Replicate Experiment 1 of Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003)

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