Perceived stress and incidence of Type 2 diabetes: a 35‐year follow‐up study of middle‐aged Swedish men

Novak, Masuma; Björck, Lena; Giang, Kok Wai; Heden-Ståhl, C.; Wilhelmsen, Lars; Rosengren, Annika

doi:10.1111/dme.12037

Cited by 83 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…The amount and type of physical activity are effective in decreasing insulin tolerance. The findings of the present study are in line with those by Malek et al (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Since in Iranian communities more than 90% of the elderly are looked after by their children, family support is one of the most important factors in the partial improvement of the health condition of the elderly patient.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…As the findings show, the most frequent environmental stressful factor among the elderly of both groups was "rising prices of essential commodities" like food, and its frequency was higher among diabetic patients (P < 0.05). The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of studies by Novak and Shiri Mohammadi (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Changes in the conditions of the place of residence of the elderly have different physiologic, economic, social, welfare, and communication aspects. Each of these factors has an influential effect on the health status and well-being of the elderly (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). In the diabetic group, the number of occupational-financial stressful factors and environmental factors was significantly higher among men than women, and this is in agreement with the results of other studies (16).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Survey of stressful life events among diabetic and non-diabetic elderly individuals in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2015

Ghiyasi

Abedi

Khodadadizade

2015

JOHE

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Background: Due to the increasing number of stressful life events among the elderly and the rapid spread of diabetes among them, the present study compared the stressful life events of diabetic elderly with those of non-diabetic elderly. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 240 senior citizens of over 60 years of age (120 diabetic patients and 120 non-diabetics) of Rafsanjan, Iran. They were chosen through convenience sampling from among visitors of the Diabetes Clinic and Ali Ebne Abitaleb Laboratory in Rafsanjan. The data collection tool used was the questionnaire designed by Pickel et al. This questionnaire consists of two parts; one part is related to demographic information and the other to stressful life events. To analyze the data, Mann-Whitney test, chi-squared, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test were employed in SPSS software. Results: The frequency of psychological stresses caused by familial, personal, and environmental factors was higher among the diabetic elderly (P < 0.05). In addition, the frequency of psychological stresses caused by social stressful factors was higher among the non-diabetic elderly. The number of occupational-financial and environmental stressful factors was more among male diabetic patients, and the number of personal stressful factors was more among female patients (P < 0.05). The number of occupational-financial stressful factors was significantly higher among non-diabetic men than women (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, stressful factors play a major role in the onset of diabetes. By recognizing the sources of stress with the assistance of patients, and their family and medical team, effective steps can be taken to prevent and control its probable effects and side effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Survey of stressful life events among diabetic and non-diabetic elderly individuals in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2015

Ghiyasi

Abedi

Khodadadizade

2015

JOHE

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“…The findings remained similar after adjusting for diuretic or statin use (IRR 1.73, 95% CI, 1.10–2.73 for high‐intensity smoking and IRR 1.10, 95% CI, 1.01–1.19 for smoking dose). As mental stress has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus,21 we additionally adjusted for perceived stress and there were no significant changes in the relationship between high‐intensity smoking (IRR 1.76, 95% CI, 1.12–2.78) or dose (IRR 1.10, 95%, CI 1.01–1.20). The risk of diabetes mellitus has also been reported to increase in postmenopausal women 22.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Intensity Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Incident Diabetes Mellitus In Black Adults: The Jackson Heart Study

White

Cain

Benjamin

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundPrevious reports on whether smoking is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and incident diabetes mellitus in the Jackson Heart Study.Methods and ResultsJackson Heart Study participants enrolled at baseline without prevalent diabetes mellitus (n=2991) were classified by self‐report as current smokers, past smokers (smoked ≥400 cigarettes/life and no longer smoking), or never smokers. We quantified smoking intensity by number of cigarettes smoked daily; we considered ≥20 cigarettes per day (1 pack) “high‐intensity.” We defined diabetes mellitus as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% or International Federation of Clinical Chemistry units HbA1c 48 mmol/mol, or use of diabetes mellitus medication. We estimated the adjusted associations of smoking status, intensity, and dose (pack‐years) with incident diabetes mellitus using Poisson regression models. At baseline there were 361 baseline current (1–10 cigarettes per day [n=242]; ≥20 [n=119]), 502 past, and 2128 never smokers. From Visit 1 to Visit 3 (mean 8.0±0.9 years), 479 participants developed incident diabetes mellitus. After adjustment for covariates, baseline current smokers who smoked less than a pack/d and past smokers had similar rates of incident diabetes mellitus compared with never smokers (incidence rate ratios 1.04, 95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.58 and 1.08, 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.42, respectively). Baseline current high‐intensity smokers had a 79% (95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.81) higher incidence of diabetes mellitus compared with never smokers. Smoking dose (per 10 pack‐years) was also associated with a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (incidence rate ratios 1.10, 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.19) in adjusted models.ConclusionsHigh‐intensity cigarette smoking and smoking pack‐years are associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus in blacks.

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“…Stress-related factors may contribute to risk of type 2 diabetes through their impact on inflammatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine regulation (2). Socioeconomic adversity over the life course predicts type 2 diabetes in later life (3), whereas stress at work and more general indicators of perceived stress are associated with future diabetes (4,5). There appears to be a bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms (6), and people with type 2 diabetes may report greater social isolation and more limited social support (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of multisystem responses to stress in type 2 diabetes: Investigating the dynamics of allostatic load

Steptoe

Hackett

Lazzarino

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

133

121

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Psychological stress-related processes are thought to contribute to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, but the biological mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we tested the notion that people with type 2 diabetes experience chronic allostatic load, manifest as dynamic disturbances in reactivity to and recovery from stress across multiple (cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, inflammatory, metabolic) biological systems, coupled with heightened experience of chronic life stress. We carried out an experimental comparison of 140 men and women aged 50-75 y with type 2 diabetes and 280 nondiabetic individuals matched on age, sex, and income. We monitored blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, salivary cortisol, plasma interleukin (IL)-6, and total cholesterol in response to standardized mental stress, and assessed salivary cortisol over the day. People with type 2 diabetes showed impaired poststress recovery in systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate and cholesterol, and blunted stress reactivity in systolic BP, cortisol, cholesterol, and IL-6. Cortisol and IL-6 concentrations were elevated, and cortisol measured over the day was higher in the type 2 diabetes group. Diabetic persons reported greater depressive and hostile symptoms and greater stress experience than did healthy controls. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by disruption of stress-related processes across multiple biological systems and increased exposure to life stress. Chronic allostatic load provides a unifying perspective with implications for etiology and patient management.ype 2 diabetes has a heterogeneous pathophysiology in which β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance play pivotal roles (1). Stress-related factors may contribute to risk of type 2 diabetes through their impact on inflammatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine regulation (2). Socioeconomic adversity over the life course predicts type 2 diabetes in later life (3), whereas stress at work and more general indicators of perceived stress are associated with future diabetes (4, 5). There appears to be a bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms (6), and people with type 2 diabetes may report greater social isolation and more limited social support (7).These diverse associations between stress-related processes and diabetes are only partly accounted for by lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, or adiposity, suggesting that direct psychobiological pathways may be involved. A helpful concept in this regard is allostatic load. Allostasis refers to the dynamic process of adaptation to environmental challenges through adjustments in multiple biological systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system, and metabolic and immune systems (8). Allostasis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, but repeated or sustained stimulation leads to allostatic load, the wear-and-tear that results from dysregulation of mediating processes. Allostatic load is freque...

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Perceived stress and incidence of Type 2 diabetes: a 35‐year follow‐up study of middle‐aged Swedish men

Abstract: Self-perceived permanent stress is an important long-term predictor of diagnosed diabetes, independently of socio-economic status, BMI and other conventional Type 2 diabetes risk factors.

Cited by 83 publications

References 34 publications

Survey of stressful life events among diabetic and non-diabetic elderly individuals in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2015

Survey of stressful life events among diabetic and non-diabetic elderly individuals in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2015

High‐Intensity Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Incident Diabetes Mellitus In Black Adults: The Jackson Heart Study

Disruption of multisystem responses to stress in type 2 diabetes: Investigating the dynamics of allostatic load

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