Perceived Stigma among Discharged Patients of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a Latent Profile Analysis

Abstract

Background Perceived stigma has greatly influenced the life quality of the COVID-19 patients who recovered and were discharged (RD hereafter). It is essential to understand COVID-19 stigma of RD and its related risk factors. The current study aims to identify the characteristics of perceived COVID-19 stigma in RD using latent profile analysis (LPA), to explore its psycho-social influencing factors, and to determine the cut-off point of the stigma scale using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 RD in 13 communities in Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China from June 10 to July 25, 2021, enrolling total 1297 participants. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, COVID-19 perceived stigma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, fatigue, resilience, social support, and peace of mind. LPA was performed to identify different profiles of perceived COVID-19 stigma level. Univariate analysis and multinominal logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the influencing factors in different profiles. ROC analyses was carried out to identify the cut-off value of perceived stigma. Results Among the participants, three profiles of perceived stigma were identified: “low perceived COVID-19 stigma” (12.8%), “moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma” (51.1%), and “severe perceived COVID-19 stigma” (36.1%). Multinominal logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, living with other people, anxiety, and sleep disorder were positively associated with moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma, while higher educational level was negatively associated with moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma. Female, older age, living with other people, anxiety, and sleep disorder were positively associated with severe perceived COVID-19 stigma, while higher educational level, social support, and peace of mind were negatively associated with severe perceived COVID-19 stigma. ROC curve of the Short Version of COVID-19 Stigma Scale(CSS-S) for screening perceived COVID-19 stigma showed that the optimal cut-off value was ≥20. Conclusion The study focuses on the issue of perceived COVID-19 stigma and its psycho-socio influencing factors. It provides evidence for implementing relevant psychological interventions to COVID-19 RD.

Stigma, Trauma and Resilience During COVID-19 in China

“…Resilience is the ability of individuals to gradually adapt and restore normal life status based on their own psychological and physiological elasticity by changing their adaptive thinking and behavioural modes when facing difficulties and challenges in life. In the field of psychology, resilience is regarded as a positive manifestation of the internal resources of individuals and the ability to overcome the trauma suffered in setbacks actively [10].…”

Characteristics and influencing factors of anticipated HIV stigma among HIV‐negative/unknown MSM in China: A regression mixture model

“…Additionally, regression mixture model (RMM) is a statistical model that could involve covariates as predictors for LPA, which could help to further determine the influencing factors of the characteristics identified by LPA (Lamont et al., 2016). RMM has been employed in the analysis of stigma in certain populations (Loch et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2023). The specific objectives of current study are to identify the characteristics of anticipated HIV stigma in MSM using LPA; to explore the psychosocial influencing factors of anticipated HIV stigma in MSM using RMM based on the result of LPA; and to determine the cut‐off point of the AHSQ using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for further evaluation and application, which may help healthcare professions and policymakers to deal with the anticipated stigma among MSM effectively.…”