Perceived size and perceived distance in stereoscopic vision and an analysis of their causal relations

Oyama, Tadasu

doi:10.3758/bf03203271

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…(1) as described in the introduction section if s is replaced by sЈ, i.e., the perceived size of the actual object instead of the afterimage. Some experiments (e.g., Foley, 1968;Oyama, 1974) have confirmed the hypothesis but other experiments (e.g., Gogel et al, 1963) have disconfirmed it. The confirmation or disconfirmation of the hypothesis depends on the instructions, the methods of measurements, full-cues or reduced cues to distance and depth, and so on.…”

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confidence: 58%

Verification of Emmert's Law in Actual and Virtual Environments

Nakamizo

Imamura

2004

J. Physiol. Anthropol.

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We examined Emmert's law by measuring the perceived size of an afterimage and the perceived distance of the surface on which the afterimage was projected in actual and virtual environments. The actual environment consisted of a corridor with ample cues as to distance and depth. The virtual environment was made from the CAVE of a virtual reality system. The afterimage, disc-shaped and one degree in diameter, was produced by flashing with an electric photoflash. The observers were asked to estimate the perceived distance to surfaces located at various physical distances (1 to 24 m) by the magnitude estimation method and to estimate the perceived size of the afterimage projected on the surfaces by a matching method. The results show that the perceived size of the afterimage was directly proportional to the perceived distance in both environments; thus, Emmert's law holds in virtual as well as actual environments. We suggest that Emmert's law is a specific case of a functional principle of distance scaling by the visual system.

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confidence: 58%

Verification of Emmert's Law in Actual and Virtual Environments

Nakamizo

Imamura

2004

J. Physiol. Anthropol.

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“…On the other hand, Oyama (1974), using visual angle and convergence as stimulus variables, found, except in the case of one of his six subjects, no relation between perceived size and perceived distance. Both were directly and independently determined by the stimulus variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A causal analysis of inference, developed by Blalock (1962) and Simon (1954), can be applied to determine which of these explanations is valid, when perceived depth and perceived size are simultaneously obtained under various combinations of stimulus cues. Oyama (1974) applied this type of analysis and found that perceived size and perceived distance were directly determined by visual angle and by convergence. The observed relation between perceived size and perceived distance was not based on a direct causal relation between them.…”

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confidence: 99%

Interrelation of the effects of binocular disparity and perspective cues on judgments of depth and height

Meer

1979

Perception & Psychophysics

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The effects of binocular disparity (aniseikonia) and perspective cues operating together on judgments of depth and height were studied, both when these stimulus variables operated in the same direction and when they were in conflict. Both depth cues were effective upon the perception of depth and height. The effects of binocular disparity and perspective cues upon perceived depth were found to be additive. The effects of these depth cues upon perceived height showed some interaction in the sense that, operating together, the effect of the perspective cue was stronger than the separate effect of the perspective cue, both when binocular disparity and perspective cues operated in the same direction and when they were in conflict. This interactive effect increased with increasing strength of the perspective cues. The size-distance invariance hypothesis was confirmed under the present experimental conditions. By a causal analysis of inference, this invariant relation could be explained in the following way: both the perceived depth and the perceived height of the sides of the patterns were directly determined by binocular disparity and perspective cues, but the perceived height was also indirectly determined through change of perceived depth. A direct causal relation between perceived depth and perceived height was found.Harker (1958) found that when binocular disparity was supplemented with monocular cues to depth, observers had better stereoacuity than when the binocular cues alone were present. Harker suggested that this could be attributed to the fact that binocular and monocular cues provide the observer with independent information about the depth interval between two objects. The observers integrated the monocular and binocular stimulation in a supplemental manner. Jameson and Hurvich (1959) concluded, in an experiment on the relation between stereoscopic acuity and observation distance, that when multiple stimulus factors are permitted to vary naturally with changes in object distance, all of these multiple factors seem to contribute cooperatively and in a simple summative fashion to the observer's perceptual sensitivity to distance changes. The monocular cues in neither experiment were fully identified.In the present study, we will investigate the way in which binocular disparity and perspective cues affect the perception of depth, both when these cues operate in the same direction and when they are in conflict. As cues to the perception of depth or distance are also implicated in size perception, we will simultaneously study the effects of binocular disparity and perspective cues on the perception of size.There are a number of papers on the effect of combining monocular depth cues with binocular disparity upon perceived depth. Very few studies have simultaneously investigated their effects on both perceived depth and perceived size. Most studies on perceived depth have concentrated upon the effects of cue conflict and upon the relative strengths of the cues. These cue-conflict studies have not always been ...

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“…In stereoscopic space, various studies have been conducted (e.g., Foley, 1966Foley, , 1968Foley, , 1970Howard & Rogers, 1995;Julesz, 1971;Oyama, 1974). For example, Foley (1966) found that the perceptual egocentric distance lay outside the Vieth-Muller circle (VMC).…”

Section: Palabras Clave: Percepción De La Profundidad Fotografía VImentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometrical Structures of Photographic and Stereoscopic Spaces

Watanabe

2006

Span. J. Psychol.

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the geometrical structures of photographic and stereoscopic spaces. In Experiment 1, it was investigated how accurately photographic space reproduces real physical space, and the geometrical structure of photographic space was compared with that of visual space. As a result, the mapping function of distance between photographic and physical spaces (δ = ad b ) shows that a and b range from 0.96-1.1 and 0.69-0.78. The mapping function of angle between photographic and physical spaces (Φ = gφ h ) shows that g and h range from 2.37-5.29 and 0.74-0.97. Further, photographic space has larger anisotropic property than visual space and photographic space may be hyperbolic. In Experiment 2, the geometrical structure of stereoscopic space was compared with that of visual space. It was found that stereoscopic space was almost the same as visual space. Keywords: depth perception, photograph, stereoscopic visionSe realizaron dos experimentos para investigar las estructuras geométricas de los espacios fotográficos y estereoscópicos. En el Experimento 1 se investigó la precisión con que el espacio fotográfico reproduce el espacio físico real, y se comparó la estructura geométrica del espacio fotográfico con la del espacio visual. Como resultado la función de correspondencia para la distancia entre los espacios fotográficos y los físicos (δ = ad b ) muestra que a y b varían entre 0.96-1.1 y 0.69-0.78. La función de correspondencia angular del ángulo entre los espacios fotográficos y los físicos (Φ = gφ h ) muestra que g y h varían entre 2.37-5.29 y 0.74-0.97. Además, el espacio fotográfico tiene una propiedad anisotrópica mayor que el espacio visual, y el espacio fotográfico podría ser hiperbólica. En el Experimento 2, se comparó la estructura geométrica del espacio estereoscópico con la del espacio visual. Se encontró que el espacio estereoscópico era casi igual que el espacio visual. Palabras clave: percepción de la profundidad, fotografía, visión estereoscópica

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Perceived size and perceived distance in stereoscopic vision and an analysis of their causal relations

Cited by 45 publications

References 30 publications

Verification of Emmert's Law in Actual and Virtual Environments

Verification of Emmert's Law in Actual and Virtual Environments

Interrelation of the effects of binocular disparity and perspective cues on judgments of depth and height

Geometrical Structures of Photographic and Stereoscopic Spaces

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