Perceived school bag load, duration of carriage, and method of transport to school are associated with spinal pain in adolescents: an observational study

Haselgrove, Clare; Straker, Leon; Smith, Anne; O’Sullivan, Peter; Perry, Mark; Sloan, Nick

doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(08)70026-6

Cited by 71 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…From this review it became apparent that factors other than backpack weight can generate pain, perceived exertion or discomfort; the reported factors were gender [15,16,39,40,43,54], age and grade in school [2,15,39,48,54], subject's body mass index [5,47], the amount of time using the backpack and walking to and from school [10,41,47,48,53]. Girls experience more pain that boys, this could be because, boys have a stronger musculoskeletal system, also they might have higher threshold of pain based on differences between physiological and psychological factors between genders [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistency in the number of subjects reported throughout the paper; 3. 16. Type of experimental design and level of evidence §, studies that assessed the correlation of pain with increasing load; *, adequate description of reliability of the method was provided; III-2A, a comparative study with concurrent control (an internal control group) phases randomisation; III-2, a comparative study with concurrent control (an internal control group); III-3A, a comparative study without concurrent control phases randomisation; III-3, a comparative study without concurrent control; IV, a cross-sectional study design to collect data through use of various questionnaires and 13 studies utilised longitudinal design.…”

Section: What Is the Relationship Between Backpack Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Golriz

Walker

2011

BMR

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Abstract.Purpose: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to answer the following questions: 1. Does usage or weight of load carriage system cause pain, perceived exertion or discomfort? 2. Can load carriage system placement on the spine influence pain, perceived exertion or discomfort? 3. Can load carriage system design influence the amount of pain, perceived exertion or discomfort caused by their use? Method: Eight databases were searched. Each included study was analysed and quality appraised by two independent reviewers. Results: Forty-seven articles that addressed the research questions were included in the study. Significant variability in the study design and populations of the studies prevented data pooling and the evidence is conflicting. However, qualitative synthesis of the studies shows that carrying loads may provoke low back pain; and it may also trigger neck, thoracic and shoulder pain. Backpack weight can influence perceived pain, however other factors are involved. Discussion: There is conflicting but positive evidence on the correlation between backpack load carrying and experiencing pain during different stages of life. The research to date is lacking with the most commonly identified methodological deficiencies being poor overall design, the lack of justification of sample size, providing training sessions for examiners, and not utilising calibrated, valid and reliable instruments for measurement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is the Relationship Between Backpack Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Golriz

Walker

2011

BMR

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“…However fundamental biomechanical principles of load and energy consumption suggest that schoolbag weight, and the exposure to that weight, should be investigated in combination with each other in order to acquire a measure of the mechanical burden that results from carrying a schoolbag. Different loads carried for a fixed [29] or pre-determined [30] length of time have been examined, and the issue has been discussed in general terms [25,31]. However the effects of schoolbag carriage that simultaneously take these two variables into account, as they increase incrementally, have not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Dockrell

Blake

Simms

2016

WOR

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Abstract. BACKGROUND:There is no global agreement on a schoolbag weight limit and little assessment of its utility. The duration of carriage is another factor yet there is no previous systematic assessment of the utility of cut-off values for it in identifying schoolbag-related discomfort. OBJECTIVES:The objectives were to establish if there was a threshold for musculoskeletal discomfort based on (i) percentage bodyweight (%BW) of the schoolbag; (ii) duration of carriage; or (iii) combined %BW and duration. METHODS: Using data from 462 primary school children, a novel experimental approach was used to explore the utility of conventional schoolbag weight limit guidelines and duration of carriage. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to examine the predictive performance of schoolbag weight and duration of carriage. RESULTS: The mean schoolbag weight (4.8 ± 1.43 kg) represented a mean 12.4 ± 4.18%BW. Only 30.7% of the sample carried schoolbags that were ≤10%BW. The majority (76%) carried schoolbags to school for ≤10 minutes. No %BW, duration of carriage or mechanical burden criterion provided a threshold cut-off point for accurately predicting schoolbag-related discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines for safe schoolbag carriage that are based on mechanical factors alone could not be upheld. The association between duration of carriage and back discomfort warrants further investigation.

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“…15 In this study among 500 girls in the age group of 10-14, 178 of them had a forward head posture and most of them had a rounded back which can be because of the rapid growth and developing secondary sexual characteristics where round back may reflect some degrees of consciousness. 15 Pain in these areas like shoulder, upper back, lower back and neck is associated with carrying heavy loads 22,23 . Carrying a heavy school bag for long periods of time could result in repetitive stress injuries to the growing body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Posture and Musculoskeletal Pain in School Going Girls Using Backpacks

Dharmayat¹,

Shrestha²

2017

IOSR JNHS

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Perceived school bag load, duration of carriage, and method of transport to school are associated with spinal pain in adolescents: an observational study

Cited by 71 publications

References 29 publications

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Assessment of Posture and Musculoskeletal Pain in School Going Girls Using Backpacks

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