Perceived risks, counter-beliefs, and intentions to use anti-/counter-terrorism websites: An exploratory study of government–citizens online interactions in a turbulent environment

The impact of information security failure on customer behaviors: A study on a large-scale hacking incident on the internet

“…This formulation simplifies the decision context based on Prospect theory. While online shoppers may consider more outcomes than the two (i.e., good and bad), Prospect theory suggests that any potential outcome that can commonly occur in all alternative choices will be canceled out in the editing stage (Lee and Rao 2007;Tversky 1972). For example, if three additional outcomes can happen whether an online shopper stays or switches i:e:; x 3 ¼ y 3; x 4 ¼ y 4; x 5 ¼ y 5 À Á , they will cancel out each other and will not be considered in the alternative valuation process.…”

“…However, the consumer's reference point moves to more specific, objective, and transactionoriented factors in later stages as the relationship matures (Chau et al 2007). According to prospect theory, common components in decision options (i.e., X and Y) will be cancelled out in the editing phase of decision making (Lee and Rao 2007;Tversky 1972). Therefore, it is the difference between the compromised vendor and an alternative online vendor that usefulness and ease-of-use should be measure and assessed in the evaluation phase.…”

“…These risk types were identified in the marketing field and thus are related to specific product and regular transaction activities. However, some MIS-oriented studies have suggested or examined IS-related perceived risks in general (especially information security risks) outside of regular transaction relationships (Jarvenpaa et al 2000;Lee and Rao 2007;Straub and Welke 1998). Nevertheless, such risk perception-oriented variables were conceptualized according to the general perceived risk definition (i.e., perceived probability and/or expected impact of security incidents) and therefore only represent the expectations regarding information security.…”

“…On the other hand, trusting beliefs are various beliefs that an online shopper has in an online vendor. Trusting beliefs often include integrity, benevolence, and competence beliefs, and are known to be counter-beliefs (Lee and Rao 2007) or determinants (with negative relationship) of perceived risk (Gefen et al 2008;Jarvenpaa et al 2000).…”

Understanding Socio-Technical Environments for Acceptance of Inter-Agency Anti/Counter-Terrorism Information Sharing Systems

“…Unlike private sector organizations, government organizations share information to generate public goods (i.e., public safety, national security in the case of ACT organizations) rather than to maximize the profit of an individual organization [11]. Also, information sharing and IOS development are often planned and executed by an e-Government initiative rather than strategically negotiated between business partners.…”