Perceived Racial Discrimination, Drug Use, and Psychological Distress in African American Youth: A Pathway to Child Health Disparities

Sanders-Phillips, Kathy; Kliewer, Wendy; Tirmazi, Taqi; Nebbitt, Von E.; Carter, Takisha; Key, Heather

doi:10.1111/josi.12060

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…African American youth are more likely than their Caucasian counterparts to encounter neighborhood disorder, exposure to community violence, and experiences with racial discrimination [26–28]. Moreover, there are barriers in workplaces, schools, and communities that disproportionately affect African Americans and African Americans are more likely to be incarcerated for drug use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twitter Chatter About Marijuana

Cavazos‐Rehg

Krauss

Fisher

et al. 2015

Journal of Adolescent Health

160

182

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Purpose-We sought to examine the sentiment and themes of marijuana-related chatter on Twitter sent by influential Twitter users, and to describe the demographics of these Twitter users.Methods-We assessed the sentiment and themes of a random sample (n=7000) of influential marijuana-related Tweets (sent from 2/5 -3/5/2014). Demographics of the users Tweeting about marijuana were inferred using a social media analytics company (DemographicsPro for Twitter).Results-Most marijuana-related tweets reflected a positive sentiment towards marijuana use, with pro-marijuana Tweets outnumbering anti-marijuana Tweets by a factor of over 15. The most common theme of pro-marijuana Tweets included the Tweeter stating that he/she wants/plans to use marijuana, followed by Tweeting about frequent/heavy/or regular marijuana use and stating that marijuana has health benefits and/or should be legalized. Tweeters of marijuana-related content were younger and a greater proportion was African American compared to the Twitter average. Conclusions-MarijuanaTwitter chatter sent by influential Twitter users tends to be promarijuana and popular among African Americans and youth/young adults. Marijuana-related harms may afflict some individuals; therefore, our findings should be used to inform online and offline prevention efforts that work to target individuals who are most at-risk for harms associated with marijuana use. KeywordsMarijuana; Social Media; Youth © 2014 Society of Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.Please address correspondence and reprint requests to: Patricia A. Cavazos-Rehg, Ph.D., Campus Box 8134, Department of Psychiatry, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: (314) 362-2152, FAX: (314) 362-4247, rehgp@psychiatry.wustl.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.Conflicts of Interest Dr. Bierut is listed as an inventor on Issued U.S. Patent 8,080,371,"Markers for Addiction" covering the use of certain SNPs in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of addiction. Implications and ContributionTwitter is a popular social media platform among young people. Results from this study highlight the pervasiveness of pro-marijuana Twitter chatter particularly among youth and African Americans and stress the need for more online marijuana prevention messages to target individuals who are most at-risk for marijuana use-associated harms. Twitter is a free-to-use social media platform that has become very popular among young people in recent years [1,2]. Twitter users can easily and instantly connect to a mass audience via Tweets that are 140 ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twitter Chatter About Marijuana

Cavazos‐Rehg

Krauss

Fisher

et al. 2015

Journal of Adolescent Health

160

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A study exploring the relationship between racial discrimination and behavioral outcomes among black youth found increased encounters with racial discrimination placed youth at risk for increased participation in delinquency and suicide ideation . Research across several studies reveal young people who report more encounters with racial discrimination are at risk for developing depressive symptoms and other risk‐oriented behaviors . One particular study found experiencing racial discrimination from teachers can lead to feelings of alienation and low levels of motivation .…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13 Research across several studies reveal young people who report more encounters with racial discrimination are at risk for developing depressive symptoms and other risk-oriented behaviors. 39,41 One particular study found experiencing racial discrimination from teachers can lead to feelings of alienation and low levels of motivation. 42 Research also indicates young people who report more encounters with racial discrimination demonstrate more problem behaviors and use of alcohol and marijuana.…”

Section: Racial Discriminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework for Race‐Related Trauma in the Public Education System and Implications on Health for Black Youth

Henderson

Walker

Barnes

et al. 2019

Journal of School Health

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BACKGROUND A combination of increased suicide in the past decade, documented high rates of anxiety and depression, and the preponderance of other behavioral and emotional regulation challenges place black youth at risk for school suspension and involvement in the juvenile justice system. Pointing to deficits in black youth and their families negates how forces of racism, whether unconscious or conscious, can disrupt well‐being. METHODS A framework for race‐related trauma in the public education system illustrates the interplay between macro‐level forces, such as institutional and symbolic racism, and micro level forces of racism such as racial discrimination and violence. Identifying causal links between these forces and adverse academic and health outcomes for black youth can inform interventions and strategies to reduce race‐related trauma. RESULTS The framework for race‐related trauma is a multi‐level analysis of racism and recognizes school districts facing economic restraints and school personnel turnover may face significant challenges in designing intervening strategies. CONCLUSION The framework guides change effort towards improving school climate and culture through preparing school professionals to meet the diverse needs of youth, strengthening family and community collaboration, and tackling those policies and behaviors that exclude and disconnect black youth.

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“…Various studies have demonstrated that perceived discrimination significantly deteriorates both physical and mental health (Pascoe and Smart Richman, 2009a,b;Williams and Mohammed, 2009;Williams et al, 2003). Experiences of discrimination and racism are associated with psychological distress, anxiety and depression as well as increased alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among Black Americans (Brown et al, 2000;Landrine and Klonoff, 1996;Sanders-Phillips et al, 2014). Discrimination leads to health disadvantages by elevating physiological stress responses such as blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and heart rate (Brondolo et al, 2003;Clark et al, 1999;Clark, 2000Clark, , 2006aHarrell et al, 2003;Mays et al, 2007;Pascoe and Smart Richman, 2009a,b;Williams, 2012).…”

Section: Diversity Well-being and Healthmentioning

confidence: 96%