Perceived parental reactions to coming out, attachment, and romantic relationship views

Carnelley, Katherine B.; Hepper, Erica G.; Hicks, C. P.; Turner, William

doi:10.1080/14616734.2011.563828

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, as our findings suggest, psychological intervention, designed to improve the secure attachment dimension, could indirectly and positively affect the negative transgender identity, in particular minimizing the Passing and Shame dimensions. As previously said, in adulthood, a secure attachment style is considered an important factor in the achievement of couple's adjustment and well-being (Carnelley, Hepper, Hicks, & Turner, 2011; Feeney, 1999; Holland & Roisman, 2010; Sadikaj, Moskowitz, & Zuroff, 2011; Zimmer-Gembeck & Ducat, 2010). At the same time, adults who lack the capacity for secure attachment frequently also are poor in skills for an adequate social functioning, such as the ability to recruit supportive friendships (Mallinckrodt & Wei, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, in the last thirty years, attachment theory has become one of the main references for the study of adult romantic relationships (Strauss, Morry, & Kito, 2012). In particular, attachment styles and, more specifically, Internal Working Models (IWMs) – the internalized representation of the self, of the other and of the possible reciprocal relationships – are considered an important factor in the achievement of a couple's adjustment (Carnelley, Hepper, Hicks, & Turner, 2011; Feeney, 1999; Holland & Roisman, 2010; Sadikaj, Moskowitz, & Zuroff, 2011; Zimmer-Gembeck & Ducat, 2010). Research findings have clearly showed that attachment styles have a direct influence on cognitive, affective and behavioral responses to others (Collins & Read, 1994), influencing expectations and beliefs regarding both the self and the other (Berman, Marcus, & Berman, 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adult Attachment and Transgender Identity in the Italian Context: Clinical Implications and Suggestions for Further Research

Amodeo¹,

Vitelli²,

Scandurra³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Transgenderism

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Introduction Although attachment theory has been recognized as one of the main reference for the study of the general wellbeing, little research has been focused on the attachment styles of transgender people. Attachment styles are deeply influenced by the earliest relationships with caregivers, which, for gender nonconforming children, are often characterized by parental rejection. Consequently, transgender children and adults likely internalize societal stigma, developing internalized transphobia. The current research was aimed to explore the link between adult attachment and internalized transphobia. Method 25 male-to-female (MtF) and 23 female-to-male (FtM) transgender people participated in the survey filling in two self-report questionnaires: the Attachment Style Questionnaire and the Transgender Identity Survey. A cluster analysis, T-Test and multiple regression analysis were conducted to explore the link between attachment styles and internalized transphobia. Results A greater prevalence of secure attachment styles was detected. Participants with secure attachment styles reported higher levels of positive transgender identity than those with insecure attachment styles. Secure attachment styles significantly affect positive transgender identity, while insecure attachment styles influence internalized transphobia. Conclusions A clinical focus on the redefinition of the Internal Working Models of transgender people can inform psychologically-focused interventions, which transgender people can benefit from.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Adult Attachment and Transgender Identity in the Italian Context: Clinical Implications and Suggestions for Further Research

Amodeo¹,

Vitelli²,

Scandurra³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Transgenderism

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“…One study focused on LGB young people, finding that insecure attachment to “close others” was related to sex work and substance use (Gwadz, Clatts, Leonard, & Goldsamt, 2004). More studies are available on LGB adults, but they too have focused on attachment in current relationships (e.g., Carnelley, Hepper, Hicks, & Turner, 2011; Landolt, Bartholomew, Saffrey, Oram, & Perlman, 2004; Mohr & Fassinger, 2003; Zakalik & Wei, 2006). The poverty of research generally and on parental attachment of young LGB people specifically is surprising considering the importance of attachment for relationships and health and the likelihood that the attachment of some sexual minorities may be problematic, given the possibility of parental rejection and victimization (Corliss, Cochran, & Mays, 2002; D’Augelli, 2002; D’Augelli, Grossman, & Starks, 2005; Landolt et al, 2004; Ryan, Huebner, Diaz, & Sanchez, 2009; Wilson & Widom, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Depressive Distress by Sexual Orientation in Emerging Adults: The Roles of Attachment and Stress Paradigms

et al. 2013

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Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth have elevated rates of depression compared to heterosexuals. We proposed and examined a theoretical model to understand whether attachment and stress paradigms explain disparities in depressive distress by sexual orientation, using the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII). GUTS participants eligible for this analysis reported sexual orientation, childhood gender nonconforming behaviors (GNBs), attachment to mother (all in 2005), and depressive symptoms (in 2007). Mothers of the GUTS participants who are the NHSII participants reported attitudes toward homosexuality (in 2004) and maternal affection (in 2006). The sample had 6,122 participants. Of GUTS youth (M = 20.6 years old in 2005; 64.4% female), 1.7% were lesbian/gay (LG), 1.7% bisexual (BI), 10.0% mostly heterosexual (MH), and 86.7% completely heterosexual (CH). After adjusting for demographic characteristics and sibling clustering, LGs, BIs, and MHs reported more depressive distress than CHs. This relation was partially mediated (i.e., explained) for LGs, BIs, and MHs relative to CHs by less secure attachment. A conditional relation (i.e., interaction) indicated that BIs reported more distress than CHs as GNBs increased for BIs; no comparable relation was found for LGs vs. CHs. Sibling comparisons found that sexual minorities (LGs, BIs, and MHs) reported more depressive distress, less secure attachment, and more childhood GNBs than CH siblings; the mothers reported less affection for their sexual-minority than CH offspring. The findings suggest that attachment and childhood gender nonconformity differentially pattern depressive distress by sexual orientation. Attachment and related experiences are more problematic for sexual minorities than for their CH siblings.

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“…One risk factor for such difficulties is parental rejection, which refers to negative reactions from parents regarding their children's sexual identity (Bregman, Malik, Page, Makynen, & Lindahl, 2013). Research in this area has found that parental rejection is common (Carnelley, Hepper, Hicks, & Turner, 2011; Willoughby, Malik, & Lindahl, 2006). For example, D'Augelli, Grossman, and Starks (2008) found that 71% of LGB youth perceived the reaction of at least one of their parents to be predominantly negative.…”

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confidence: 99%

Examining ethnic differences in parental rejection of LGB youth sexual identity.

Lindahl

Malik

2017

Journal of Family Psychology

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Upward of 70% of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth experience some degree of parental rejection of their sexual identity, which is problematic in light of research documenting links between parental rejection and psychological difficulties in LGB youth. Additionally, emerging research suggests that ethnic minority LGB youth may be at greater risk to experience parental rejection than ethnic majority LGB youth. However, this research is inconclusive and has significant gaps. The current study is one of the first to include a multiethnic sample of LGB youth and their parents to investigate how ethnicity may be related to parental rejection. Specifically, the current study examined ethnic differences in parental rejection as well as in intrapersonal variables (i.e., homonegativity and traditional gender role beliefs), which are thought to be related both to ethnicity and parental rejection. Additionally, indirect effects of ethnicity on parental rejection through homonegativity and traditional gender role beliefs were examined. Participants included 90 parents (ages 32-63) and their 90 LGB children (ages 15-24). Fifty-nine percent of the sample was ethnic minority. Significant ethnic differences were found in parental rejection and homonegativity, but not in traditional gender role beliefs. Homonegativity was found to fully mediate the relation between ethnicity and parental rejection. These results provide important information on why ethnic minority parents, in general, may have a more difficult time accepting their LGB children than ethnic majority parents.

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Perceived parental reactions to coming out, attachment, and romantic relationship views

Cited by 39 publications

References 68 publications

Adult Attachment and Transgender Identity in the Italian Context: Clinical Implications and Suggestions for Further Research

Adult Attachment and Transgender Identity in the Italian Context: Clinical Implications and Suggestions for Further Research

Disparities in Depressive Distress by Sexual Orientation in Emerging Adults: The Roles of Attachment and Stress Paradigms

Examining ethnic differences in parental rejection of LGB youth sexual identity.

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