Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Distress: The Role of Personal and Ethnic Self-Esteem.

Cassidy, Clare; O’Connor, Rory C.; Howe, Christine; Warden, David

doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.3.329

Cited by 168 publications

(191 citation statements)

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“…However, past research on this topic has largely explored the impact of these variables on women. Given that gender has been identified as a salient variable on issues of stress and coping (Cassidy, O'Connor, Howe, & Warden, 2004;Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999;Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991), perhaps future researchers can explore the proposed moderation model using a female or lesbian sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult attachment, perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation, and depression in gay males: Examining the mediation and moderation effects.

Zakalik¹,

Wei²

2006

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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This study examined perceived discrimination as both a mediator and moderator between adult attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and levels of depression in a gay male sample. Survey data were collected from 234 self-identified gay males through the Internet and in person through community resources across several states. Results from structural equation modeling analyses indicated that perceived discrimination partially mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety (but not attachment avoidance) and depression. Moderation of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) by perceived discrimination on levels of depression was not supported. Additionally, about 23% of the variance in perceived discrimination was explained by attachment, and 47% of the variance in depression was accounted for by attachment and perceived discrimination. Clinical implications, limitations, and areas for future research are also discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult attachment, perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation, and depression in gay males: Examining the mediation and moderation effects.

Zakalik¹,

Wei²

2006

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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“…There is ample empirical evidence showing that perceiving oneself as a target or victim of majority discrimination is a major acculturative stressor, increasing depressive symptoms, distress and anxiety (Cassidy, O'Connor, Howe, & Warden, 2004;Finch, Kolody, & Vega, 2000;Liebkind & Jasinskaja-Lahti, 2000) and decreasing life satisfaction, well-being and self-esteem (Vedder, Sam, & Liebkind, 2007).…”

Section: Acculturation and Adaptation Of Migrantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration and Multiculturalism

Green¹,

Staerklé²

2013

Oxford Handbooks Online

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"Multiculturalism has utterly failed", German Chancellor Angela Merkel declared inOctober 2010, "immigrants need to do more to integrate in German society". A few months later, in February 2011, British Prime Minister David Cameron also condemned his country's long-standing policy of multiculturalism as a failure, claiming that many young British Muslims were drawn to violent ideology because they found no strong collective identity in Britain. These two quotes from leading European politicians exemplify how migration and multiculturalism have become key issues in contemporary societies. Virtually all countries in the world need to deal with the steady flow of people crossing international borders that have made societies in our globalized world more and more diverse. Despite its contested nature as a normative model for organizing diversity in receiving societies, multiculturalism has become an inescapable reality to which countries need to adapt.This chapter is concerned with two major questions concerning migration and multiculturalism. First, it looks at the social and psychological processes at work in the migrant experience. Second, it deals with how members of receiving societies react to the increased and diversified immigrant presence in their societies. 1 Our review draws mainly upon research and theory in political and social psychology. Reflecting the diversity of classic and recent empirical work on migration and multiculturalism, we present research covering a Migration and multiculturalism 2 wide range of methodological approaches, including survey, experimental and qualitative studies. The chapter emphasizes how historical and political contexts affect the nature of intergroup relations between migrant groups and receiving societies. It furthermore highlights the role of widely shared social representations in processes of migration and multiculturalism, expressed in ideological belief systems, political discourse and everyday cultural repertoires. We argue that a political psychology perspective to migration and multiculturalism will gain from taking a interdisciplinary approach in which different levels of analysis-including individual, group and societal factors-are combined and articulated (Castles & Miller, 2009;Chryssochoou, 2004;Deaux, 2006;Verkuyten, 2005a).The chapter is organized in four parts. The first part outlines some historical benchmarks of modern migration and briefly presents two key notions of a psychological approach to migration-assimilation and multiculturalism-in their historical context. In a second part, we summarize empirical research that focuses on the psychological dynamics involved in the migrant experience, in particular the interactionist and complex nature of migrant identities, acculturation and adaptation in receiving societies, and intergroup approaches to acculturation and multiculturalism. The third part analyses the role of threat regarding immigrants and immigration in the reactions, attitudes and beliefs of majority populations in receiving societies. The...

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“…It is expected that the negative impacts of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being would be modified (e.g., attenuated or intensified) by the level of sense of control. A high level of sense of control may buffer the negative consequences of discrimination; whereas the combination of a discriminatory experience and low sense of control may markedly reduce one's status of well-being (Cassidy, O'Connor, Howe, & Warden, 2004).Additionally, potential modifications by age, gender, and race need to be considered since they may alter the relationships between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. Previous studies report age variations, showing that the adverse mental health consequences of discrimination were lower among older adults compared to younger ones (Kessler et al, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Sense of Control

Jang

Chiriboga

Small

2008

Int J Aging Hum Dev

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Being discriminated against is an unpleasant and stressful experience, and its connection to reduced psychological well-being is well-documented. The present study hypothesized that a sense of control would serve as both mediator and moderator in the dynamics of perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. In addition, variations by age, gender, and race in the effects of perceived discrimination were explored. Data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) survey (N = 1,554; age range = 45 to 74) provided supportive evidence for the hypotheses. The relationships between perceived discrimination and positive and negative affect were reduced when sense of control was controlled, demonstrating the role of sense of control as a mediator. The moderating role of sense of control was also supported, but only in the analysis for negative affect: the combination of a discriminatory experience and low sense of control markedly increased negative affect. In addition, age and gender variations were observed: the negative impact of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being was more pronounced among younger adults and females compared to their counterparts. The findings elucidated the mechanisms by which perceived discrimination manifested its psychological outcomes, and suggest ways to reduce adverse consequences associated with discriminatory experiences.Recent studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the experience of being treated unfairly or discriminated against is associated with reduced mental health (e.g., Barnes, Mendes de Leon, Wilson, Bienias, Bennett, & Evans, 2004;Kessler, Mickelson, & Williams, 1999;Noh, Beiser, Kaspar, Hou, & Rummens, 1999;Williams, Yu, Jackson, & Anderson, 1997). Discrimination may result from a variety of factors including age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, physical appearance, and social class (Carr & Friedman, 2005;Williams et al., 1997). Whatever the source, perceived discrimination is known to contribute to the higher rates of psychological distress found among socially disadvantaged populations (Kessler et al., 1999;Thoits, 1983). Based on a large-scale national survey from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study, Kessler and colleagues (1999) found that a surprisingly high proportion of the U.S. population (61%) reports experiences of discrimination in their daily life. Despite such evidence, there remains a paucity of research addressing perceived discrimination as a life stress and examining the intervening factors for this stressor (Dion, 2002;Kessler et al., 1999;Thoits, 1983). The pervasiveness of discriminatory experience and its adverse psychological consequences call attention to further research on the issue of discrimination. The present study explored the dynamics of perceived discrimination and psychological wellbeing, with a focus on sense of control. Sense of control refers to the extent to which individuals perceive that they have personal power and control over their life and environment ...

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Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Distress: The Role of Personal and Ethnic Self-Esteem.

Cited by 168 publications

References 70 publications

Adult attachment, perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation, and depression in gay males: Examining the mediation and moderation effects.

Adult attachment, perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation, and depression in gay males: Examining the mediation and moderation effects.

Migration and Multiculturalism

Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Sense of Control

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