Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human breast milk and current analytical methods

Macheka, Linda R.; Olowoyo, Joshua Oluwole; Mugivhisa, Liziwe Lizbeth; Abafe, Ovokeroye A.

doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3483-z

Cited by 50 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…In a study of nationally representative pooled breast milk samples from 42 countries, PFOA was quantified in all samples, PFOS in 36, and PFHxS and PFNA in 4, with countries with the highest incomes reporting the highest breast milk PFAS measurements ( Fiedler and Sadia 2021 ). International data on breast milk PFAS summarized by Macheka-Tendenguwo et al ( 2018 ) and Liu et al. ( 2020 ) further indicates that countries in Europe and Asia are impacted by PFAS contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Despite 20 y of biomonitoring studies of these chemicals in both serum and urine, and the availability of several studies of breast milk PFAS levels outside North America ( CDC 2020a ; Llorca et al. 2010 ; Macheka-Tendenguwo et al. 2018 ), we have an extremely limited understanding of PFAS concentrations in breast milk of American and Canadian women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?

LaKind

Verner

Rogers

et al. 2022

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Despite 20 y of biomonitoring studies of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in both serum and urine, we have an extremely limited understanding of PFAS concentrations in breast milk of women from the United States and Canada. The lack of robust information on PFAS concentrations in breast milk and implications for breastfed infants and their families were brought to the forefront by communities impacted by PFAS contamination. Objectives: The objectives of this work are to: a ) document published PFAS breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada; b ) estimate breast milk PFAS levels from maternal serum concentrations in national surveys and communities impacted by PFAS; and c ) compare measured/estimated milk PFAS concentrations to screening values. Methods: We used three studies reporting breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada We also estimated breast milk PFAS concentrations by multiplying publicly available serum concentrations by milk:serum partitioning ratios for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Measured and estimated breast milk concentrations were compared to children’s drinking water screening values. Discussion: Geometric means of estimated breast milk concentrations ranged over approximately two orders of magnitude for the different surveys/communities. All geometric mean and mean estimated and measured breast milk PFOA and PFOS concentrations exceeded drinking water screening values for children, sometimes by more than two orders of magnitude. For PFHxS and PFNA, all measured breast milk levels were below the drinking water screening values for children; the geometric mean estimated breast milk concentrations were close to—or exceeded—the children’s drinking water screening values for certain communities. Exceeding a children’s drinking water screening value does not indicate that adverse health effects will occur and should not be interpreted as a reason to not breastfeed; it indicates that the situation should be further evaluated. It is past time to have a better understanding of environmental chemical transfer to—and concentrations in—an exceptional source of infant nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10359

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?

LaKind

Verner

Rogers

et al. 2022

Environ Health Perspect

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“…PFOA residues in PTFE-coated non-stick cookware could likewise be a potential source of PFAS exposure through food, although it is generally not considered significant (Schlummer et al 2015). Besides these dietary sources, the accumulation of PFAS in human milk, which is the most important source of PFAS exposure for infants, has also been wellstudied, and a growing body of literature has suggested a link between postnatal exposure to PFAS and health effects in childhood, adolescence and adulthood (Sundstrom et al 2011;Antignac et al 2013;Kang et al 2016;Lee et al 2018;Macheka-Tendenguwo et al 2018;Nyberg et al 2018).…”

Section: Sources and Pathways Of Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of epidemiologic findings

Clark

Timme‐Laragy

et al. 2020

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a group of fluoro-surfactants widely detected in the environment, wildlife and humans, have been linked to adverse health effects. A growing body of literature has addressed their effects on obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the brief historical use and chemistry of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, routes of human exposure, as well as the epidemiologic evidence for associations between exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the development of obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. We identified 22 studies on obesity and 32 studies on diabetes, while only 1 study was found for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by searching PubMed for human studies. Approximately 2/3 of studies reported positive associations between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and the prevalence of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Causal links between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, however, require further large-scale prospective cohort studies combined with mechanistic laboratory studies to better assess these associations.

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“…Some PFAS, mostly PFAAs, certain precursors, PFECAs, or perfluoroether sulfonic acids (PFESAs), are quite mobile and have been reported in multiple environmental and biotic matrices (e.g., drinking water, soil, air, surface or groundwater, precipitation, sediment, human blood, human breast milk, urine, aquatic and terrestrial organisms, plants) (Giesy and Kannan 2001; Ahrens and Bundschuh 2014; Wang et al 2015; Chen et al 2018; Macheka‐Tendenguwo et al 2018; Gewurtz et al 2019; Ghisi et al 2019). The widespread occurrence of nonpolymer PFAS is due to their diverse chemical and physical properties (see above), which determine their environmental fate and transport.…”

Section: Environmental Occurrence Of Pfasmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of a Recommended Analytical and Classification Approach for Organic Fluorinated Compounds with an Emphasis on Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Fiedler

Kennedy

Henry

2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Organic fluorinated compounds have been detected in various environmental media and biota. Some of these compounds are regulated locally (e.g., perfluorononanoic acid maximum contaminant level in drinking water by the New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection), nationally (e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid maximum acceptable concentration in drinking water by Health Canada), or internationally (e.g., Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants). Globally, regulators and researchers seek to identify the organic fluorinated compounds associated with potential adverse effects, bioaccumulation, mobility, and persistence to manage their risks, and, to understand the beneficial attributes they bring to products such as first responder gear, etc. Clarity is needed to determine the best analytical method for the goal of the analyses (e.g., pure research or analysis to determine the extent of an accidental release, monitoring groundwater for specific compounds to determine regulatory compliance, and establish baseline levels in a river of organic fluorinated substances associated with human health risk prior to a clean‐up effort). Analytical techniques that identify organic fluorine coupled together with targeted chemical analysis will yield information sufficient to identify public health or environmental hazards. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:331–351. © 2020. W.L. Gore & Associates Inc. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human breast milk and current analytical methods

Cited by 50 publications

References 105 publications

Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?

Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of epidemiologic findings

A Critical Review of a Recommended Analytical and Classification Approach for Organic Fluorinated Compounds with an Emphasis on Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

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