Peptidic Mycotoxins

QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices

“…The most representatives fungi that produce AFLA are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus [ 9 , 10 ]. AFLA are characterized by a lipophilic structure ( Figure 1 ) derived from the same precursor, versiconal hemiacetal acetate [ 11 ].…”

“…Acute ingestion of FUMO can cause gastrointestinal problems, and they are considered possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B) by IARC [ 15 , 21 ]. FUMO can interfere with folic acid metabolism (teratogenic effects), cause inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis, and have carcinogenic effects [ 11 , 21 ]. They are polar compounds and are not soluble in non-polar solvents ( Figure 1 ) [ 21 ].…”

“…Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes also include T2 and HT2 (C-4 deacetylated form of T2, Figure 1 ) produced from Fusarium species [ 30 ]. The name derived from trichothecin, the first non-macrocyclic trichothecene isolated in 1948 from Trichothecium roesum [ 11 ]. T2 is the most toxic among all trichothecene [ 31 ].…”

“…Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most important and toxic mycotoxin among ochratoxins [ 36 ]. It is an isocumaric derivate with a β-phenylalanine ( Figure 1 ) [ 11 ]. Aspergillus and Penicillium species can produce OTA; Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum are the most common [ 37 ].…”

Synthesis of 2,1-benzisoxazole-3(1H)-ones by base-mediated photochemical N–O bond-forming cyclization of 2-azidobenzoic acids

“…Substituted 2,1-benzisoxazoles display diverse biological activity [ 1 – 6 ] ( Fig. 1 ) and are widely used as starting materials for the synthesis of important heterocyclic pharmacophores, such as acridines [ 7 – 8 ], quinolines [ 9 – 13 ] and quinazolines [ 14 – 16 ].…”