Peptide Signaling Pathways Regulate Plant Vascular Development

Abstract

Plant small peptides, including CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) and Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) peptides, play pivotal roles in coordinating developmental processes through cell-cell communication. Recent studies have revealed that the phloem-derived CLE peptides, CLE41/44 and CLE42, promote (pro-)cambial cell proliferation and inhibit xylem cell differentiation. The endodermis-derived EPFL peptides, EPFL4 and EPFL6, modulate vascular development in the stem. Further, several other peptide ligands CLE9, CLE10, and CLE45 play crucial roles in regulating vascular development in the root. The peptide signaling pathways interact with each other and crosstalk with plant hormone signals. In this mini-review, we summtarize the recent advances on peptides function in vascular development and discuss future perspectives for the research of the CLE and EPFL peptides.

Detection of the Arabidopsis Proteome and Its Post-translational Modifications and the Nature of the Unobserved (Dark) Proteome in PeptideAtlas

“…Many peptide families have been recognized, − , including Clavata/embryo-surrounding region (CLE), , Epidermal Patterning Factor (EPF), phytosulfokine-alpha (PSK), cysteine-rich peptides of the LURE family, Embryo Surrounding Factor (ESF), PAMP-induced secreted peptides (PIP), Plant Peptides containing Tyrosine sulfation family (PSY), root meristem growth factor (RGF), caesarian strip integrity factor (CIF), inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA), precursor of plant elicitor peptide (PROPEP), , defensin-like (DFL), and POLARIS which is not part of a larger family. We assembled a tentative list of their protein ATG identifiers (327 genes) to get a better understanding of to what extent they were identified in the new PeptideAtlas build (Supplemental Data Set S11).…”

“…117,118 Bioactive plant peptides have traditionally been grouped into (i) cysteine-rich peptides that form internal disulfide bonds, and (ii) post-translationally modified small peptides that undergo one or more PTMs during their passage through the ER or Golgi (e.g., tyrosine sulfation, 119 proline hydroxylation, etc.). 114,115 Many peptide families have been recognized, [113][114][115]120 including Clavata/embryo-surrounding region (CLE), 121,122 Epidermal Patterning Factor (EPF), 122 phytosulfokine-alpha (PSK), 114 cysteine-rich peptides of the LURE family, 123 Embryo Surrounding Factor (ESF), PAMP-induced secreted peptides (PIP), Plant Peptides containing Tyrosine sulfation family (PSY), 124 root meristem growth factor (RGF), caesarian strip integrity factor (CIF), 125 inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA), precursor of plant elicitor peptide (PROPEP), 126,127 defensin-like (DFL), and POLARIS which is not part of a larger family. We assembled a tentative list of their protein ATG identifiers (327 genes) to get a better understanding of to what extent they were identified in the new PeptideAtlas build (Supplemental Data Set S11).…”

Current Advances in Small Peptides During Plant Growth and Development

“…The interaction between CLE45 and BAM3 establishes a signaling module that regulates vascular development independently of the TDIF-TDR pathway (Yuan and Wang 2021). Synthetic CLE45 peptide inhibits root growth and protophloem differentiation in Arabidopsis (Kang and Hardtke, 2016).…”

Delving deeper into the link between sugar transport, sugar signaling, and vascular system development

“…Among these, 34 were also found in the study of Gonzali et al (2006), suggesting that these TFs are likely to be sucrose‐responsive (Figure 2A). In this list, it is worth mentioning the presence of genes coding for the peptides CLAVATA3/ESR‐RELATED41/ CLAVATA3/ESR‐RELATED44 ( CLE41/44 ) that are expressed in the phloem, promote the (pro)cambial division, and inhibit xylem differentiation (Etchells & Turner, 2010; Hirakawa et al, 2010; Yuan & Wang, 2021). While CLE41/44 have been shown to additively regulate procambium cells division (Yamaguchi et al, 2017), they display a differential response to exogenous sucrose.…”

“…Among them, half (17 over 31) were regulated both by sucrose and glucose (Figure 2). They include the gene coding for the peptide CLE41 that is involved in vascular system development (Yuan & Wang, 2021), also identified in the surveys of Solfanelli et al (2006) and Gonzali et al (2006). In addition, two genes coding for TFs related to light were identified, namely LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR‐RED (HFR1), a key TF involved in light signaling (Yang et al, 2005), and CONSTANS‐like 9 (COL9), responding to changes in light intensities (Kumari et al, 2019), providing a possible link between sugar signaling and the modulation of vascular development by light regimes (Agustí & Blázquez, 2020).…”