Peptide-Based Vaccines in Clinical Phases and New Potential Therapeutic Targets as a New Approach for Breast Cancer: A Review

Abstract

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women from 20 to 59 years old. The conventional treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy. This immunotherapy is based on administering monoclonal therapeutic antibodies (passive) or vaccines (active) with therapeutic purposes. Several types of vaccines could be used as potential treatments for cancer, including whole-cell, DNA, RNA, and peptide-based vaccines. Peptides used to develop vaccines are derived from tumor-associated antigens or tumor-specific antigens, such as HER-2, MUC1, ErbB2, CEA, FRα, MAGE A1, A3, and A10, NY-ESO-1, among others. Peptide-based vaccines provide some advantages, such as low cost, purity of the antigen, and the induction of humoral and cellular immune response. In this review, we explore the different types of vaccines against breast cancer with a specific focus on the description of peptide-based vaccines, their composition, immune response induction, and the description of new potential therapeutic targets.

Integration: Gospel for immune bioinformatician on epitope-based therapy

“…Also, NeuVax, a peptide vaccine against breast cancer, completed phase III clinical trial and declared safety in vivo ( 3 ). This is the furthest step in the quest for epitope vaccines for use in humans to date ( 4 , 5 ), suggesting the effectiveness of strategies and the bright application prospect to design peptide-based vaccines ( 6 , 7 ).…”

First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of a B Cell– and Monocyte-Based Immunotherapeutic Vaccine against HER2-Positive Advanced Gastric Cancer

“…One of the most important challenges is the identification of TSAs [ 26 ]. Comparing to TAAs are overexpressed protein in cancer cell and normal cells, TSAs are only expressed in cancer cells and not in normal cells or tissues [ 27 ]. Therefore, TSAs are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy because the human immune system has not previously been exposed to TSAs and can recognize TSAs as non-self and trigger strong immune response.…”

Recent advances in mRNA‐based vaccine for cancer therapy; bench to bedside

“…cell surface in an association with HLA molecules after being administered. [26][27][28] T cells trigger immune system reactions specific to cancer when they identify the surface antigens. In comparison to other vaccine approaches, the peptide-based vaccine approach offers a number of benefits, most notably simplicity of manufacture as well as safety.…”

“…Peptide vaccination techniques have been employed to create customized cancer vaccines using artificial peptides. Antigenic peptides are ingested by APCs and appear on the cell surface in an association with HLA molecules after being administered 26–28 . T cells trigger immune system reactions specific to cancer when they identify the surface antigens.…”