Peptide and antibody ligands for renal targeting: nanomedicine strategies for kidney disease

Abstract

The kidney is one of the body’s main filtration organs, and hence, opportunity exists for designing nanomedicine that can naturally accumulate in the kidneys for renal diseases. In addition to traditional physiochemical properties for kidney accumulation, such as size and charge, synthesized nanoparticles can be conjugated with targeting ligands which further home the nanocarriers to cell types of interest In this review, we highlight key studies that have shown success in utilizing peptide- or antibody-based ligands in nanoparticles to target the glomerulus, podocytes, or renal tubule cells in the kidney. In addition, other ligand candidates which have shown renal affinity, but have not yet been integrated into a nanoparticle are also presented. These studies can provide insight into the design of novel clinical solutions for improved detection, prevention, and treatment of renal diseases using nanomedicine efforts

Protein Mimetic and Anticancer Properties of Monocyte-Targeting Peptide Amphiphile Micelles

“…24–28 Therapeutic nanoparticles have several advantages over traditional small molecules, including higher payloads, sustained release of drugs, and improved pharmacokinetic profiles. 29–33 To maximize drug delivery, we can tailor nanoparticles with specific physiochemical properties, such as their size and surface chemistry, while including multiple diagnostic or therapeutic agents.…”

Responsive hybrid (poly)peptide–polymer conjugates

“…Others have explored the synthesis of amyloidogenic domains, 96,97 coiled-coil sequences, 98,99 and peptides for use as targeting ligands. 100–102 Longer (poly)peptide sequences are produced via recombinant protein expression, providing great control over amino acid sequence for larger polypeptides. PEG has been coupled to alanine-rich, recombinantly produced polypeptides to enable the formation of fibrils upon changes in pH and temperature, 103 and it has also been conjugated with recombinant elastin-like polypeptides (ELPp) to yield particles.…”

Peptide‐Driven Targeted Drug‐Delivery System Comprising Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Xanthene–Cyanine Reporter for Real‐Time Monitoring of Drug Release

“…Targeting peptide carriers have several advantages over antibodies and nanoparticles due to their small size, which provides better cell penetration, higher biological activity per mass unit, and less chance of affecting the immune system . Peptides are also favorable, owing to their natural degradability, lower manufacturing costs, better stability upon storage, ease of chemical modification, and controllable linkage …”

“…[2] Peptides are also favorable, owing to their natural degradability,l ower manufacturing costs, better stability upon storage, ease of chemicalm odification, and controllable linkage. [3] TDD systemst hat are additionally equipped with at urn-on fluorescent reporter that is sensitivet od rug release open the way to real-time monitoring of drug delivery in vitro and in vivo. [4,5] The nonfluorescent reporter bound to the drug by means of ac leavable linker,w hich is predominantly degrada-ble in the tumor,b ecomes fluorescent upon release of the drug, and thus, provides highly important information on drug distribution and drug-releasekinetics.…”