Pentosan Polysulfate Affords Pleotropic Protection to Multiple Cells and Tissues

Abstract

Pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a small semi-synthetic highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS)-like molecule, shares many of the interactive properties of HS. The aim of this review was to outline the potential of PPS as an interventional therapeutic protective agent in physiological processes affecting pathological tissues. PPS is a multifunctional molecule with diverse therapeutic actions against many disease processes. PPS has been used for decades in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and painful bowel disease, it has tissue-protective properties as a protease inhibitor in cartilage, tendon and IVD, and it has been used as a cell-directive component in bioscaffolds in tissue engineering applications. PPS regulates complement activation, coagulation, fibrinolysis and thrombocytopenia, and it promotes the synthesis of hyaluronan. Nerve growth factor production in osteocytes is inhibited by PPS, reducing bone pain in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (OA/RA). PPS also removes fatty compounds from lipid-engorged subchondral blood vessels in OA/RA cartilage, reducing joint pain. PPS regulates cytokine and inflammatory mediator production and is also an anti-tumor agent that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the development of progenitor cell lineages that have proven to be useful in strategies designed to effect repair of the degenerate intervertebral disc (IVD) and OA cartilage. PPS stimulates proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes in the presence or absence of interleukin (IL)-1, and stimulates hyaluronan production by synoviocytes. PPS is thus a multifunctional tissue-protective molecule of potential therapeutic application for a diverse range of disease processes.

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Pentosan Polysulfate Toxicity Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy

“… 37 PPS shares many properties with heparin sulfate. 38 PPS associated retinal toxicity could be due to an alteration of glycosaminoglycan concentration or activity within the photoreceptor extracellular matrix (ECM) and other ocular tissues with a rich presence of heparin sulfate, such as Bruch's membrane and choroidal blood vessels. 39 Alterations in the photoreceptor ECM have also been implicated in AMD.…”

Extraction of pentosan from corn cob

“…Single-factor experiments [21,22,23] primarily considered the effects of three factors on the extraction rate of xylan: extraction temperature, extraction time, and liquid-to-solid ratio. The liquid-to-solid ratios were tested at ve levels: 10:1 mL/g, 25:1 mL/g, 50:1 mL/g, 75:1 mL/g, and 100:1 mL/g, under conditions of a water bath temperature of 40 ℃ and a water bath time of 120 min.…”

Equine Musculoskeletal Pathologies: Clinical Approaches and Therapeutical Perspectives—A Review

“…Its molecular structure and function closely align with those of the naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan substances that play a key role in the maintenance and repair of cartilage and connective tissues. PPS exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, and fibrinolytic properties and promotes the synthesis of hyaluronan, making it effective in endorsing cartilage repair, reducing cartilage fibrillation, improving joint function, and alleviating pain associated with OA [117,120]. Some studies have demonstrated that it presents more benefits than PSGAGs when administered IM.…”