Pentobarbital Found in Ground Water

Eckel, William P.; Ross, Benjamin; Isensee, Robert K.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00853.x

Cited by 85 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The presence of pharmaceuticals in groundwater beneath or downgradient of a landfill has been confirmed by several authors (Ahel and Jelicic, 2001;Ahel et al, 1998;Eckel et al, 1993;Holm et al, 1995). Two recent studies (Barnes et al, 2004;Buszka et al, 2009) investigating the occurrence of groundwater down gradient of landfills detected a range of industrial compounds (detergents, antioxidants, fire retardants, plasticisers) as well as PPCPs (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, barbiturates) and the caffeine and the nicotine metabolite cotinine.…”

Section: Source Termsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Stuart

Lapworth

Crane

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

628

271

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This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the UK. EGCs are compounds being found in groundwater that were previously not detectable or known to be significant and can come from agricultural, urban and rural point sources. EGCs include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, personal care products, fragrances, water treatment by-products, flame retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine. Many are relatively small polar molecules which may not be effectively removed by drinking water treatment. Data from the UK Environment Agency's groundwater screening programme for organic pollutants found within the 30 most frequently detected compounds a number of EGCs such as pesticide metabolites, caffeine and DEET. Specific determinands frequently detected include pesticides metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, nicotine, food additives and alkyl phosphates. This paper discusses the routes by which these compounds enter groundwater, their toxicity and potential risks to drinking water and the environment. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimise risk to drinking water and ecosystems.

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Section: Source Termsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Stuart

Lapworth

Crane

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

628

271

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“…Eckel et al, 1993;Holm et al, 1995;Ahel et al, 1998;Ahel and Jelicic 2000). Two recent studies (Barnes et al, 2004 andBuszka et al, 2009) Europe, due to the huge number of these point sources, and widespread use in rural settings.…”

Section: Point Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eckel et al, 1993;Holm et al, 1995), as well as indirectly through the process of groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) exchange (Buerge et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

1,430

553

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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in groundwater may have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. This paper reviews the existing occurrence data in groundwater for a range of EOCs including pharmaceutical, personal care, 'life-style' and selected industrial compounds. The main sources and pathways for organic EOCs in groundwater are reviewed, with occurrence data for EOCs in groundwater included from both targeted studies and broad reconnaissance surveys. Nanogram-microgram per litre concentrations are present in groundwater for a large range of EOCs as well as metabolites and transformation products and under certain conditions may pose a threat to freshwater bodies for decades due to relatively long groundwater residence times. In the coming decades, more of these EOCs are likely to have drinking water standards, environmental quality standards and/or groundwater threshold values defined, and therefore a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variation remains a priority.Keywords: emerging contaminants; review; groundwater; pharmaceuticals; occurrence Capsule: A large range of emerging organic contaminants are now being detected in groundwater as a result of recent and historical anthropogenic activities. IntroductionA diverse array of synthetic organic compounds are used by society in vast quantities for a range of purposes including the production and preservation of food, industrial manufacturing processes, as well as for human and animal healthcare. In the last few decades there has been a growing interest in the occurrence of these, so called, 'micro-organic contaminants' in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, their environmental fate and their potential toxicity (Stan and Linkerhagner, 1992;Stan et al., 1994;Halling-Sørensen et al., 1998;Daughton and Ternes, 1999;Schwarzenbach et al., 2006;Kümmerer, 2009). The contamination of groundwater resources by micro-organics is a growing concern and relatively poorly understood compared to other freshwater resources. Groundwater provides the most reliable perennial source of freshwater on Earth. It maintains flows and levels in rivers and lakes, is essential for the health of groundwater-dependant ecosystems, and in many parts of the world is the most important source of drinking water.Of particular concern are 'emerging organic contaminants' (EOCs). This term is used to cover not only newly developed compounds but also compounds newly discovered in the environment -often due to analytical developments (Lindsey et al., 2001;Petrovic and Barceló, 2006;Richardson and Ternes, 2011) and compounds that have only recently been categorised as contaminants. EOCs include a wide array of different compounds (as well as metabolites and transformation products-collectively referred to here as degradates)including; pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, veterinary products, industrial compounds/by-products, food additives as well as engineered nanomaterials. Because of the vast array of possible comp...

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“…Pentobarbital is an environmental concern because of its stability and persistence in aquatic environments (Eckel et al 1993;Peschka et al 2006). Ballistics may be used by trained individuals to avoid drug residue problems but are not recommended for larger cetaceans (Greer et al 2001;Geraci andLounsbury 2005, Moore 2010;AVMA 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Residue Euthanasia of Stranded Mysticetes

Harms

McLellan

Moore

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Euthanasia of stranded large whales poses logistic, safety, pharmaceutical, delivery, public relations, and disposal challenges. Reasonable arguments may be made for allowing a stranded whale to expire naturally. However, slow cardiovascular collapse from gravitational effects outside of neutral buoyancy, often combined with severely debilitating conditions, motivate humane efforts to end the animal's suffering. The size of the animal and prevailing environmental conditions often pose safety concerns for stranding personnel, which take priority over other considerations. When considering chemical euthanasia, the size of the animal also necessitates large quantities of euthanasia agents. Drug residues are a concern for relay toxicity to scavengers, particularly for pentobarbital-containing euthanasia solutions. Pentobarbital is also an environmental concern because of its stability and long persistence in aquatic environments. We describe a euthanasia technique for stranded mysticetes using readily available, relatively inexpensive, preanesthetic and anesthetic drugs (midazolam, acepromazine, xylazine) followed by saturated KCl delivered via custom-made needles and a low-cost, basic, pressurized canister. This method provides effective euthanasia while moderating personnel exposure to hazardous situations and minimizing drug residues of concern for relay toxicity.

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Pentobarbital Found in Ground Water

Cited by 85 publications

References 3 publications

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Low-Residue Euthanasia of Stranded Mysticetes

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