Pentapeptide (Proctolin) Associated with an Identified Neuron

O’Shea, Michael; Adams, Michael E.

doi:10.1126/science.6113690

Cited by 166 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Digestive, reproductive, and fat tissues were removed. The abdominal cavity was filled with hypotonic saline solution (O'Shea and Adams, 1981). The preparation was pinned to a plate of silicone elastomer, and a stainless steel platform was inserted beneath the terminal abdominal ganglion and elevated to provide tension on the cercal nerves to facilitate electrode penetration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dejittered Spike-Conditioned Stimulus Waveforms Yield Improved Estimates of Neuronal Feature Selectivity and Spike-Timing Precision of Sensory Interneurons

Aldworth¹,

Miller²,

Gedeon³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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What is the meaning associated with a single action potential in a neural spike train? The answer depends on the way the question is formulated. One general approach toward formulating this question involves estimating the average stimulus waveform preceding spikes in a spike train. Many different algorithms have been used to obtain such estimates, ranging from spike-triggered averaging of stimuli to correlation-based extraction of "stimulus-reconstruction" kernels or spatiotemporal receptive fields. We demonstrate that all of these approaches miscalculate the stimulus feature selectivity of a neuron. Their errors arise from the manner in which the stimulus waveforms are aligned to one another during the calculations. Specifically, the waveform segments are locked to the precise time of spike occurrence, ignoring the intrinsic "jitter" in the stimulus-to-spike latency. We present an algorithm that takes this jitter into account. "Dejittered" estimates of the feature selectivity of a neuron are more accurate (i.e., provide a better estimate of the mean waveform eliciting a spike) and more precise (i.e., have smaller variance around that waveform) than estimates obtained using standard techniques. Moreover, this approach yields an explicit measure of spike-timing precision. We applied this technique to study feature selectivity and spike-timing precision in two types of sensory interneurons in the cricket cercal system. The dejittered estimates of the mean stimulus waveforms preceding spikes were up to three times larger than estimates based on the standard techniques used in previous studies and had power that extended into higher-frequency ranges. Spike timing precision was ϳ5 ms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dejittered Spike-Conditioned Stimulus Waveforms Yield Improved Estimates of Neuronal Feature Selectivity and Spike-Timing Precision of Sensory Interneurons

Aldworth¹,

Miller²,

Gedeon³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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show abstract

“…Glass recording and reference electrodes (1 mm i.d. with 5-7 M⍀ resistance) were prepared (Model P-97; Sutter Instruments) and filled with insect saline (46). The reference electrode was inserted into the electrode gel, and the recording electrode was inserted into the lumen of a sensillum on the labellum until action potentials were achieved (47).…”

Section: Elgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory responses in a gustatory organ of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Kwon

Lu²,

Rützler³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

149

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The proboscis is an important head appendage in insects that has primarily been thought to process gustatory information during food intake. Indeed, in Drosophila and other insects in which they have been identified, most gustatory receptors are expressed in proboscis neurons. Our previous characterization of the expression of AgOR7, a highly conserved odorant receptor (OR) of the Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae in the labellum at the tip of the proboscis was suggestive of a potential olfactory function in this mosquito appendage. To test this hypothesis, we used electrophysiological recording and neuronal tracing, and carried out a molecular characterization of candidate OR expression in the labellum of A. gambiae. These studies have uncovered a set of labial olfactory responses to a small spectrum of human-related odorants, such as isovaleric acid, butylamine, and several ketones and oxocarboxylic acids. Molecular analyses indicated that at least 24 conventional OR genes are expressed throughout the proboscis. Furthermore, to more fully examine AgOR expression within this tissue, we characterized the AgOR profile within a single labial olfactory sensillum. This study provides compelling data to support the hypothesis that a cryptic set of olfactory neurons that respond to a small set of odorants are present in the mouth parts of hematophagous mosquitoes. This result is consistent with an important role for the labellum in the close-range discrimination of bloodmeal hosts that directly impacts the ability of A. gambiae to transmit malaria and other diseases.olfaction ͉ proboscis ͉ insect ͉ olfactory receptor neuron

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“…The fist direct evidence that proctolin is associated with neurons was its localization to the lateral white neuron of the cockroach abdominal ganglia (O'Shea and Adams, 1981). This neuron projects to the cardiac nerve and does not innervate the hindgut musculature.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neuropeptide proctolin associated with an identified skeletal motoneuron

O’Shea¹,

Ca²

1982

J. Neurosci.

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Our objective was to find large and identifiable peptide-containing neurons and their postsynaptic targets. For this, a whole mount immunohistochemical method was used to locate cell bodies of neurons in the cockroach central nervous system immunoreactive to antibodies raised against the pentapeptide proctolin (H-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr-OH).The morphology and projections of the immunoreactive neurons were investigated by combining intracellular dye injection and electrophysiological and immunochemical procedures. The presence of proctolin in specific immunoreactive neurons was check by high pressure liquid chromatography combined with bioassay applied to extracts made from individually identified and isolated cell bodies.Using these approaches, we have identified a large proctolin-containing motoneuron which innervates muscles in a proximal segment of the cockroach leg. This study establishes a well characterized cellular preparation in which the physiological actions and functions of a peptidecontaining neuron can be studied in vivo.Proctolin was described initially as a myotropic peptide and proposed as a candidate neurotransmitter in the hindgut or proctodeum of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Brown, 1967(Brown, ,1975Brown and Starratt, 1975). Later, it was extracted, purified, and sequenced from 125 kg of whole cockroach (Starratt and Brown, 1975) and shown to have the following structure: H-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr-OH.The presence of proctolin in the proctodeal nerves and the similarity of contractions of the hindgut produced either by nerve stimulation or application of proctolin (Brown, 1975)

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Pentapeptide (Proctolin) Associated with an Identified Neuron

Cited by 166 publications

References 16 publications

Dejittered Spike-Conditioned Stimulus Waveforms Yield Improved Estimates of Neuronal Feature Selectivity and Spike-Timing Precision of Sensory Interneurons

Dejittered Spike-Conditioned Stimulus Waveforms Yield Improved Estimates of Neuronal Feature Selectivity and Spike-Timing Precision of Sensory Interneurons

Olfactory responses in a gustatory organ of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Neuropeptide proctolin associated with an identified skeletal motoneuron

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