Penrose's law: Methodological challenges and call for data

Kalapos, Miklös Péter

doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.04.006

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…35 The Penrose Hypothesis continues to be the subject of contentious debate. 36,37 Some 80 years after its formulation, the Penrose hypothesis has neither been rejected nor been confirmed. 38 Nevertheless, it appears to remain a credible hypothesis, not just in the United States, but in other countries as well.…”

Section: The Theory Of Trans-institutionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness

Dvoskin

Knoll

Silva³

2020

CNS Spectr.

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This article traces the history of the way in which mental disorders were viewed and treated, from before the birth of Christ to the present day. Special attention is paid to the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States and the failure to create an adequately robust community mental health system to care for the people who, in a previous era, might have experienced lifelong hospitalization. As a result, far too many people with serious mental illnesses are living in jails and prisons that are ill-suited and unprepared to meet their needs.

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Section: The Theory Of Trans-institutionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness

Dvoskin

Knoll

Silva³

2020

CNS Spectr.

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“…This is not a new area of enquiry; the relationship between the decrease in general psychiatric bed numbers and the expansion of the prison population suffering from mental health issues has been a focus of intense research and debate since the 1930’s, when Penrose introduced his “Law”, according to which the size of the prison population is inversely related to the available number of psychiatric hospital beds [ 23 ]. Some studies have indeed found a correlation between the decrease in psychiatric bed numbers and an increase in mentally ill prisoners [ 24 ] but further research is needed to establish causality [ 25 , 26 ]. It has been suggested, for instance, that other societal factors in the USA and Western Europe, rather than deinstitutionalization in itself, are responsible for the rising number of prisoners with psychiatric problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern forensic psychiatric hospital design: clinical, legal and structural aspects

Seppänen

Törmänen

Shaw

et al. 2018

Int J Ment Health Syst

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Forensic psychiatric care must be provided within the least restrictive setting possible, whilst simultaneously maintaining appropriate levels of security. This presents particular challenges for the design of forensic psychiatric hospitals, which are required to provide both a therapeutic and a safe material environment, often for extended periods of treatment and rehabilitation. By taking into consideration variable trends in psychiatric service provision and myriad clinical, legal and ethical issues, interdisciplinary forensic facility design teams are at the very forefront in implementing the latest developments in medical architecture. Also, although there are significant differences in how forensic psychiatric services are organized around the world, the underlying clinical challenges and increasingly research-based treatment principles are similar worldwide; it is therefore becoming less acceptable to operate and develop national forensic services without reference to international standards. Accordingly, we here review the literature on what features of forensic psychiatric facilities best serve the needs of those patients who need to rely on them, and we present a systematic and widely applicable approach to the complex and costly challenge of modern forensic psychiatric hospital design.

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“…4 This inverse relationship between the proportion of people in psychiatric hospitals and prisons became known as the Penrose hypothesis. [4][5][6][7] Empirical support for the Penrose hypothesis continues to be debated; however, the basic premise that individuals are categorized as "mad" (mentally ill) or "bad" (criminal) remains a ubiquitous part of our social ecologies. Since Penrose's observation, two significant trends have taken place in the United States.…”

Section: From Deinstitutionalization To Transinstitutionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The indistinguishables: determining appropriate environments for justice involved individuals

Evans¹,

Bader

2019

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Criminalizing those with mental illness is a controversial topic with a long and complex history in the United States. The problem has traditionally been dichotomized between criminals (i.e., “bad”) in need of placement in jails and prisons and the mentally ill (i.e., “mad”) who are need of treatment in psychiatric facilities. Recent trends demonstrate significant increases in the rates of mental illness in jails and prisons, as well as increased rates of violence within psychiatric hospitals. This would suggest that there are a group of justice involved individuals who are “indistinguishable” within the traditional dichotomous categories of dangerousness and mental illness. The authors argue for a more nuanced model that dimensionally conceptualizes dangerousness and mental illness; increased attention to situational factors that create facilities appropriate for those who are dangerous and mentally ill and more diversion programs for those inappropriate for incarceration or hospitalization.

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Penrose's law: Methodological challenges and call for data

Cited by 21 publications

References 67 publications

A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness

A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness

Modern forensic psychiatric hospital design: clinical, legal and structural aspects

The indistinguishables: determining appropriate environments for justice involved individuals

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