Penokean deformation and associated metamorphism in the western Marquette Range, northern Michigan

Klasner, J.S.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<711:pdaami>2.0.co;2

Cited by 34 publications

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“…Evidence for polyphase deformation during the Penokean Orogeny, including several periods of folding, has also been reported from upper Michigan (Cannon 1973;Klasner 1978; ~e u t n e r 1980). Based on structural evidence from deformed gneisses and metavolcanic rocks in central Wisconsin, LaBerge (1980) has suggested multiple deformation during Middle Precambrian time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In Michigan the Penokean Orogeny involved deformation and metamorphism of Middle Precambrian sedimentary rocks as well as minor plutonic activity. The deformation resulted in intense folding and a regional penetrative cleavage (Cannon 1973;Klasner 1978), which are best developed in rocks of the Marquette Supergroup (Cambray 1977). Regional metamorphism was generally low grade but four distinct nodes of more intense metamorphism, two of which reached sillimanite grade, have been described by James (1955).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for multiple deformation during the Penokean Orogeny in the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation, Minnesota

Holst¹

1982

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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The Penokean Orogeny, a major event that occurred at 1850-1900Ma in the Great Lakes region, involved deformation, metamorphism, and igneous activity. In Minnesota, the effects of the Penokean deformation are most clearly seen in the Thomson Formation. Here, two main Penokean deformational events are recognized. The first involved isoclinal recumbent folds (F1) with a well developed axial-planar foliation (S1). The second deformation involved open, upright and subhorizontal folds (F2), which folded bedding (So) and the first foliation (S,), and refolded the early folds. A crenulation cleavage (S2) developed axial planar to the Fz folds. Post-Penokean structural features include joints, kink bands, and basalt dikes.Evidence for the first Penokean deformation is found in the southern region of Thomson Formation outcrop, whereas the features associated with the second Penokean deformation are found throughout its outcrop area. Thus, the only Penokean-age structural features seen at the type locality of the Thomson Formation are from the second Penokean deformation.L'orogtnbse du P6nok6en constitue un Cvtnement trks important dans la r6gion des Grands Lacs, elle s'est produite entre 1850 et 1900Ma et elle fut accompagn6e de dtformation, de mCtarnorphisme et d'activit6 ignCe. Au Minnesota, les effets de la dBformation p 6 n o k 6 e~e sont facilement observables dans la formation de Thompson. Nous reconnaissons ici deux phases principales de d6formation pknokknne. La premikre s'est manifestke par la formation de plis couch6s isoclinaux (FI) avec un plan de foliation axial bien dtveloppk (S,). La deuxikme phase de dtformation a produit des plis ouverts, droits B subhorizontaux (F2), laquelle a pliss6 les strates (So) et la premibre foliation (S1) et a repliss6 les premiers plis. Un clivage avec crknulation (Sz) s'est d6veloppk le long du plan axial des plis F2. Les d6formations structurales post-pCnok6ennes se manifestent par des diaclases, des associations de plis en chevrons et des dykes de basalte.La partie sud de I'aflleurement de la formation de Thompson montre avec Bvidence la premikre dkformation pknokbenne, tandis que les caractkristiques structurales associ6es avec la deuxikme d6formation pCnok6enne s'observent sur toute la superficie de I'affleurement. Donc, les seuls ph6nomknes structuraux d'lge p6nokCen observCs h la localit6 type de la formation de Thompson relbvent de la deuxikme dkformation pknoktenne.[Traduit par le journal]Can.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for multiple deformation during the Penokean Orogeny in the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation, Minnesota

Holst¹

1982

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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“…Figure 4. a. Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the study area. Compiled from Craddock andothers (1970), Dominion Observatory (1969), Ervin and Hammer (1974), Klasner andothers (1979), andU.S. Geological Survey (1970).…”

Section: Superior Provincementioning

confidence: 99%

“…ago. The orogeny included multiphase folding of Proterozoic strata (Church, 1968;Cannon, 1973;Klasner, 1978), reactivation of Archean basement (Cannon, 1973;Sims and Peterman, 1976), and regional metamorphism (James, 1955;Card, 1964;Morey, 1978).…”

Section: Penokean Foldbeltmentioning

confidence: 99%

4: The pre-Keweenawan tectonic history of southern Canadian Shield and its influence on formation of the Midcontinent Rift

Klasner

Cannon²,

Schmus³

1982

Geological Society of America Memoirs

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“…Amphibolite-facies metamorphism accompanied deformation and resulted in recrystallization of Penokean igneous rocks as well as Archean gneiss. In this region both Archean and lower Proterozoic rocks were folded during the Penokean orogeny, in contrast with the situation in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, where the Archean basement behaved as rigid blocks during Penokean folding of superincumbent lower Proterozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks (Cannon, 1973;Klasner, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Penokean deformation in central Wisconsin

Maass

Medaris²,

Schmus³

1980

Geological Society of America Special Papers

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An Archean, early Proterozoic, and middle Proterozoic sequence of metamorphic and plutonic rocks is exposed along and near the Wisconsin River in central Wisconsin, between Stevens Point and Wisconsin Rapids. Major lithologic units, from oldest to youngest, consist of (1) banded tonalitic gneiss with interlayered amphibolite, (2) 2,800-m.y.-old migmatite, (3) diorite gneiss, (4) l,840-m.y.-old foliated tonalite, (5) a series of l,820-m.y.-old lineated tonalites, (6) granitic aplites and pegmatites, (7) amphibolite dikes, and (8) diabase dikes. All units except the diabase dikes have been metamorphosed under amphibolite-facies conditions and possess a steeply plunging, penetrative mineral lineation.Deformation during the Penokean orogeny produced three steeply plunging sets of folds ranging from isoclinal to open in style. F, folding is interpreted as culminating prior to 1,840 m.y. ago, but also extending beyond this time. Foliated tonalite appears to have been emplaced during the waning stages of F, deformation. Fi and F 3 folding occurred after the intrusion of l,820-m.y.-old lineated tonalite, but younger limits on the age of folding are not yet available. All three fold sets are coaxial and parallel to the penetrative mineral lineation. Although not conclusive, there is evidence that suggests that an older deformation, perhaps Archean in age, affected the terrane prior to the Penokean orogeny.

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Penokean deformation and associated metamorphism in the western Marquette Range, northern Michigan

Cited by 34 publications

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Evidence for multiple deformation during the Penokean Orogeny in the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation, Minnesota

Evidence for multiple deformation during the Penokean Orogeny in the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation, Minnesota

4: The pre-Keweenawan tectonic history of southern Canadian Shield and its influence on formation of the Midcontinent Rift

Penokean deformation in central Wisconsin

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