Penicillin-resistant Bacterial Endocarditis Treated by Penicillin and Streptomycin

Cates, J. E.; Christie, Ronald V.; Garrod, L. P.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4708.653

Cited by 71 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, we have found that the sterile vegetation can be infected even after the catheter has been withdrawn. 3 It is, of course, possible that regimens which were ineffective in the presence of a catheter might have been successful if the foreign body had been withdrawn before bacteria were introduced. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that bacterial endocarditis now often affects patients who have prosthetic valves, or intracardiac catheters (23)(24)(25)(26).…”

Section: Results Of Attemptedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occasional reports of endocarditis occurring despite the use of antibiotics have appeared (2,3), and have cast some doubt upon the success of attempted prophylaxis. Because controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of prophylaxis are virtually impossible, recommendations have had to be based largely on the in vitro sensitivities of probable infecting organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Chemotherapy of Experimental Streptococcal Endocarditis. I. COMPARISON OF COMMONLY RECOMMENDED PROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS

Durack¹,

Petersdorf²

1973

J. Clin. Invest.

181

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The effectiveness of various antibiotics commonly recommended for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis has been evaluated in experimental streptococcal endocarditis in rabbits. High doses of penicillin G did not prevent the development of this infection. The only consistently successful prophylactic regimens using penicillin alone were those which provided for both an early high serum level and more than 9 h of effective antimicrobial action. Vancomycin was the only other drug which proved uniformly successful when given alone, even though the duration of its antimicrobial action in the blood was only 3 h. However, combined therapy using penicillin G or ampicillin with streptomycin was always effective in prophylaxis. Treatment with single injections of ampicillin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, rifampicin, streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline failed to prevent infection.The findings provide information on the effect of antimicrobials in vivo and may be applicable to the chemoprophylaxis of infective endocarditis in clinical practice.

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Section: Results Of Attemptedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemotherapy of Experimental Streptococcal Endocarditis. I. COMPARISON OF COMMONLY RECOMMENDED PROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS

Durack¹,

Petersdorf²

1973

J. Clin. Invest.

181

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“…Combinations of penicillin with streptomycin against viridans streptococci have been studied in vitro (91) and used in the treatment of endocarditis (30) (57) investigated high-level streptomycin resistance in viridans group streptococci recovered in South Africa and Boston, Mass. In three isolates subjected to intensive study, no evidence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes could be found, and the strains could not be "cured" of genetic determinants of such resistance.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Bactericidal Synergismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic combinations: should they be tested?

1988

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When antibiotic combinations are used to provide a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity or in an attempt to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms, it is rarely necessary or practical to perform tests of drug interactions in vitro. In vitro testing of combinations may be useful when combinations are used in an attempt to attain synergistic interactions. In some cases, screening methods can be used as substitutes for formal synergy testing. This paper examines the mechanisms of antibiotic interaction leading to synergism or antagonism, surveys attempts to correlate in vitro observations with efficacy in animal models, and reviews clinical data providing evidence for or against a useful role of synergistic antibiotic interactions in the treatment of human infections.

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“…Antagonism, when a drug hinders the effect of another drug, was reported early in the history of antibiotics and continues to function as a warning against indeterminate treatment (10). In a study of patients with pneumococcal meningitis, 30% of those treated with penicillin alone failed treatment and died, while 79% of comparable patients who were treated with the same dosage of penicillin plus chlortetracycline, an antibiotic that antagonizes penicillin, died (11,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antagonism between Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Antibiotics Is Prevalent

Ocampo

Lázár

Papp

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

229

193

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f Combination therapy is rarely used to counter the evolution of resistance in bacterial infections. Expansion of the use of combination therapy requires knowledge of how drugs interact at inhibitory concentrations. More than 50 years ago, it was noted that, if bactericidal drugs are most potent with actively dividing cells, then the inhibition of growth induced by a bacteriostatic drug should result in an overall reduction of efficacy when the drug is used in combination with a bactericidal drug. Our goal here was to investigate this hypothesis systematically. We first constructed time-kill curves using five different antibiotics at clinically relevant concentrations, and we observed antagonism between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs. We extended our investigation by performing a screen of pairwise combinations of 21 different antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations, and we found that strong antagonistic interactions were enriched significantly among combinations of bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs. Finally, since our hypothesis relies on phenotypic effects produced by different drug classes, we recreated these experiments in a microfluidic device and performed time-lapse microscopy to directly observe and quantify the growth and division of individual cells with controlled antibiotic concentrations. While our single-cell observations supported the antagonism between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs, they revealed an unexpected variety of cellular responses to antagonistic drug combinations, suggesting that multiple mechanisms underlie the interactions.

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Penicillin-resistant Bacterial Endocarditis Treated by Penicillin and Streptomycin

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

Chemotherapy of Experimental Streptococcal Endocarditis. I. COMPARISON OF COMMONLY RECOMMENDED PROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS

Chemotherapy of Experimental Streptococcal Endocarditis. I. COMPARISON OF COMMONLY RECOMMENDED PROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS

Antibiotic combinations: should they be tested?

Antagonism between Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Antibiotics Is Prevalent

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