Penguins Past, Present, and Future: Trends in the Evolution of the Sphenisciformes

Ksepka, Daniel T.; Ando, Toshio

doi:10.1002/9781119990475.ch6

Cited by 60 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…During the last decade, several authors have explored the use of molecular (e.g., Subramanian et al 2013), morphological (e.g., Giannini and Bertelli 2004) and combined datasets (e.g., Bertelli and Giannini 2005;Ksepka et al 2006;Chávez Hoffmeister et al 2014) in order to resolve the rela− tionships among extant and extinct penguins. Despite persistent disagreement between morphological and molecular data regarding the rooting of the crown group (Ksepka and Ando 2011), there is a general consensus that the Paleogene (i.e., early) penguins are arranged in a paraphyletic series leading to crown Spheniscidae, the clade of modern penguins. This contrasts with the earlier taxo− nomic arrangements proposed by Simpson (1946) and Marples (1962), which suggested the existence of several distinctive clades of extinct penguins or "subfamilies".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Characters in the Humerus and Tarsometatarsus of Penguins

Hoffmeister¹

2014

Polish Polar Research

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Abstract:The present review aims to improve the scope and coverage of the phylogenetic matrices currently in use, as well as explore some aspects of the relationships among Paleogene penguins, using two key skeletal elements, the humerus and tarsometatarsus. These bones are extremely important for phylogenetic analyses based on fossils because they are commonly found solid specimens, often selected as holo− and paratypes of fossil taxa. The resulting dataset includes 25 new characters, making a total of 75 characters, along with eight previously uncoded taxa for a total of 48. The incorporation and analysis of this corrected subset of morphological characters raise some interesting questions consider− ing the relationships among Paleogene penguins, particularly regarding the possible exis− tence of two separate clades including Palaeeudyptes and Paraptenodytes, the monophyly of Platydyptes and Paraptenodytes, and the position of Anthropornis. Additionally, Noto− dyptes wimani is here recovered in the same collapsed node as Archaeospheniscus and not within Delphinornis, as in former analyses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Characters in the Humerus and Tarsometatarsus of Penguins

Hoffmeister¹

2014

Polish Polar Research

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“…Fossil species are found in the same regions as extant species (Simpson, 1975), with Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and South America all possessing both fossil and extant assemblages. Present regional species diversities roughly correspond to past levels, with areas such as New Zealand and Antarctica well represented by numerous fossil and living species, despite the fossil record not being continuous throughout the Cenozoic (Ksepka & Ando, 2011; (Fig. 1).…”

Section: The Sphenisciformesmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…One of the most specialised avian groups (Kaiser, 2007), the morphology of living penguins is well known (Pycraft, 1898;Lowe, 1933;Marples, 1952) and they have evolved a range of adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle including: small and scale-like feathers; increased underwater visual acuity (Sivak & Millodot, 1977;Bowmaker & Martin, 1985); several retia mirabilia systems for efficient thermoregulation (Frost et al, 1975;Thomas & Fordyce, 2007; stiffening of wing joints (Raikow et al, 1998); relative shortening of the wing; hydrodynamic flattening of wing elements; and shortening of the tarsometatarsus. The Sphenisciformes differ from most avian groups in that total diversity was greater in the past than present, with 19 extant species (sensu Ksepka & Ando, 2011), and 53 recognised fossil species (Fig. 2).…”

Section: The Sphenisciformesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The published fossil record of penguins (Sphenisciformes) in Australia, although limited compared to that of Antarctica, New Zealand and South America, spans some 40 million years from the late Eocene to Recent (Ksepka and Ando, 2011). The majority of previous work has been produced by one author (Simpson, 1957(Simpson, , 1959(Simpson, , 1965(Simpson, , 1970 with the last primary research conducted by Van Tets and O'Connor (1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Park¹,

Fitzgerald²

2012

Mem. Mus. Vic.

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Australian fossil penguins (Sphenisciformes) are reviewed as a basis for future primary research. The five named species are based on type specimens of Eocene, Miocene-Pliocene and Holocene age collected from South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The phylogenetic affinities of these taxa remain unresolved. Only one type specimen is represented by clearly associated elements of a skeleton; the rest are single bones (isolated partial humeri and a pelvis). Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of Pachydyptes simpsoni, Anthropodyptes gilli, Pseudaptenodyes macraei, ?Pseudaptenodytes minor and Tasidyptes hunteri. Additional described specimens include isolated postcranial elements from the Late Oligocene of South Australia and Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of Victoria. Other Miocene and Pliocene specimens are housed in Museum Victoria. These specimens have the potential to shed light on the Neogene palaeobiogeography and diversification of crown group penguins.

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“…The oldest such bones attributable to Sphenisciformes come from the Paleocene epoch and are rare (Slack et al 2006). Penguin tarsometatarsi from the consec− utive epoch (i.e., Eocene in age; 56-34 Ma) are very numerous (several thousand specimens) and diverse (Jadwiszczak 2009;Ksepka and Ando 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Another look at tarsometatarsi of early penguins

Jadwiszczak¹

2015

Polish Polar Research

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Abstract:The tarsometatarsus, a compound bone from the lower leg in birds, is the most important skeletal element in fossil penguin taxonomy, especially in the case of early mem− bers of this group. However, any attempt to go beyond the problem of mere classification obviously requires the better understanding of osteological traits under consideration. This in turn touches on the issue of interplay between bone and concomitant soft−tissue struc− tures, such as muscles, tendons and vessels. This paper focuses on the more holistic compre− hension of the tarsometatarsal section of the Eocene penguin foot, based on the analysis of the myology and the vascular system of its modern counterparts. A number of graphical re− constructions are provided with a discussion of the role of the hypotarsus and inter− metatarsal foramina.

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Penguins Past, Present, and Future: Trends in the Evolution of the Sphenisciformes

Cited by 60 publications

References 126 publications

Phylogenetic Characters in the Humerus and Tarsometatarsus of Penguins

Phylogenetic Characters in the Humerus and Tarsometatarsus of Penguins

A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Another look at tarsometatarsi of early penguins

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