Penetration resistance of biological soil crusts and its dynamics after crust removal: Relationships with runoff and soil detachment

Chamizo, Sonia; Rodríguez‐Caballero, Emilio; Cantón, Yolanda; Asensio, Carlos; Domingo, Francisco

doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.011

Cited by 56 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Eldridge and Kinnell () found that water erosion of BSC‐covered soil is five times less compared to the physical crust (such as raindrop impact or depositional), mainly because both the external morphology and the internal structure of the physical crusts are quite different from BSCs (Belnap, ). In contrast, the presence of physical crust seals and smoothens surfaces, reduces infiltration and increases the velocity of overland flow (Chamizo et al ., ). Using scanning electron microscopy, previous studies presented a detailed analysis of the internal structure of BSCs and physical crusts (Belnap, ; Zhang et al ., , Williams, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Eldridge and Greene () also found, under simulated rainfall on a semiarid soil in Australia, that the splash erosion rate declined exponentially with increasing BSC coverage. In fact, it is widely accepted that the BSCs shield the soil surface from both wind and water erosion (Belnap, ; Knapen et al ., ; Chamizo et al ., ; Liu et al ., ). However, some other studies reported that BSCs limited infiltration due to extrusion of hydrophobic compounds and clogging of soil pores when wetting, thus increasing the amount and velocity of water runoff, which determine the process governing overland flow generation (Belnap, ; Fischer et al ., ; Chamizo et al ., , ; Rodríguez‐Caballero et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The changes in soil surface characteristics induced by BSC growth certainly affect the soil detachment process of overland flow (Belnap, ; Chamizo et al ., ). Knapen et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantifying the surface covering, binding and bonding effects of biological soil crusts on soil detachment by overland flow

Liu

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2017

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Biological soil crusts (BSCs) have impacts on soil detachment process through surface covering, and binding and bonding (B&B) mechanisms, which might vary with successional stages of BSCs. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of surface covering, binding and bonding of BSCs on soil detachment capacity by overland flow in a 4 m long hydraulic flume with fixed bed. Two dominant BSC types, developed well in the Loess Plateau (the early successional cyanobacteria and the later successional moss), were tested using natural undisturbed soil samples collected from the abandoned farmlands. Two treatments of undisturbed crusts and one treatment of removing the above‐ground tissue of BSCs were designed for each BSC type. For comparison, bare loess soil was used as the baseline. The collected soil samples were subjected to flow scouring under six different shear stresses, ranging from 6.7 to 21.2 Pa. The results showed that soil detachment capacity (Dc) and rill erodibility (Kr) decrease with BSC succession, and the presence of BSCs obviously increased the critical shear stress, especially for the later successional moss crust. For the early successional cyanobacteria crust, Dc was reduced by 69.2% compared to the bare loess soil, where 37.7% and 31.5% are attributed to the surface covering and B&B, respectively. For the later successional moss crust, Dc decreased by 89.8% compared to the bare loess soil, where 68.9% and 20.9% contributed to the surface covering and B&B, respectively. These results are helpful in understanding the influencing mechanism of BSCs on soil erosion and in developing the process‐based erosion models for grassland and forestland. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quantifying the surface covering, binding and bonding effects of biological soil crusts on soil detachment by overland flow

Liu

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2017

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…However, in this case, measuring the crust stability (penetration resistance) of the plots with a pocket penetrometer did not provide meaningful data. Likewise, Chamizo et al () found that penetration resistance, measured using a pocket penetrometer, was a poor proxy of biological soil crust stability, but a good indicator of physical crust development. Conversely, a study that used an electronic micro‐penetrometer successfully identified shifts in crust stability in relation to its properties (Drahorad & Felix‐Henningsen ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing recovery of biological soil crusts across a latitudinal gradient in Western Europe

Williams

Jung

Zheng

et al. 2017

Restoration Ecology

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Biological soil crusts are ecologically important communities in areas where vascular plant coverage is low, and their presence is often vital in prevention of soil erosion. Despite recurrent threats to biological soil crusts across different environments, their recovery after disturbance has been little studied. We therefore established experiments across a latitudinal gradient in Europe, from Öland, Sweden in the north, to Gössenheim, Germany and Hochtor, Austria, to Almeria, Spain in the south, spanning over 20 ∘ latitude and 2,300 m in altitude, and including natural and semi-natural sites. At each site 10 (1 × 1m)paired plots were constructed where the biological soil crusts were either completely removed, or left intact. Over a 2-year period (2012–2014) the plots were regularly sampled to assess functional group recovery (cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants), soil stability, and chlorophyll, carbon, and nutrient contents. Cyanobacterial assemblages were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, a technique used to detect DNA in environmental samples. The results indicated that recovery was site dependent, suggesting that physical and climatic parameters play a major role in biological soil crust recovery. This conclusion is supported by the results of the soil properties, which were found to differ between sites, although they did not show meaningful recovery over the study period. Although 2 years was insufcient for pronounced biological soil crust recovery, this study documents changes over the initial recovery period, suggests management practices for future projects, and recommends proxies for measuring recovery over time

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“…Calcite can influence PR not only by enhancing the soil development by altering the biological activity in soils (Mordhorst et al, 2017) but also by forming crusts on the aggregate surface and by coagulating primary particles. Biological crusts also may have caused these altered PR (Chamizo et al, 2015). This intensified aggregate development led to highest PR for the surface of the biopore (distance = 0 µm), indicated by the negative slope of the curve (EW, Bt-1).…”

Section: R Ew Rewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Small-Scaled Differences in Micro-Aggregation on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Macroscopic Biopore Walls

Haas

Horn

2018

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Macroscopic biopores, like earthworm burrows or channels which remain after a root decayed, act as preferential flow paths for water, gas, and heat transport processes, and viewing at agricultural production, as preferential elongation paths for plant roots. These processes result in intense alterations of the soil volume and its composition that surrounds the pores. The effects of these processes were analyzed at small-scale and physico-chemical soil parameters, i.e., relative oxygen diffusion coefficient (D s /D O ), oxygen partial pressure pO 2 , Eh and pH of biopore walls, were measured. The analyses were carried out on undisturbed soil samples with different colonization history, excavated from a haplic Luvisol derived from loess. Soil resistance to penetration was determined simultaneously with D s /D O and pO 2 using a coupled, self-developed approach, and four matric potentials (namely, m = −1 kPa; −3 kPa; −6 kPa or −30 kPa) were considered. We hypothesized that physico-chemical soil parameters in biopore walls were altered due to differing influences on the soil aggregation. Aggregation was visualized with scanning electron microscopy, classified and used to explain differences in-soil properties. Plant roots and earthworms altered aggregation next to biopore surfaces in a contrasted way, either by enhancing aggregates diversity or homogenizing it. Roots led to the formation of subpolyeders while earthworms formed subplates. Pore functions of microaggregates were comparable to those of larger scale, and subpolyeders showed much more favorable soil properties in terms of soil aeration (Ds/Do, pO2). Replicates of all parameters scattered intensely and showed deviations up to several orders of magnitude in case of D s /D O underlining the large variability of soil properties in biopore walls.

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Penetration resistance of biological soil crusts and its dynamics after crust removal: Relationships with runoff and soil detachment

Cited by 56 publications

References 62 publications

Quantifying the surface covering, binding and bonding effects of biological soil crusts on soil detachment by overland flow

Quantifying the surface covering, binding and bonding effects of biological soil crusts on soil detachment by overland flow

Assessing recovery of biological soil crusts across a latitudinal gradient in Western Europe

Impact of Small-Scaled Differences in Micro-Aggregation on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Macroscopic Biopore Walls

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