Penetration Rate and Effectiveness Studies of Aggregated BESS for Frequency Regulation

Abstract

With the increased environmental concern, the photovoltaic (PV) generation capacity is growing in today's power systems. As the PV penetration rate increases, the intermittency and uncertainty of PV systems will cause frequency regulation issues. When rapid fluctuations take place, the system requires fast responding regulation to recover the frequency within a short period of time. Traditional power plants with slow dynamics are less capable of tracking the fast-changing regulation signal. In this context, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is considered as an effective regulation source to respond immediately to frequency deviations. This paper addresses the sizing issue of an aggregated BESS by a series of system level performance tests with different BESS penetration rates. The evaluation criteria are the control performance standards 1 and 2. Response effectiveness of the BESS with different levels of disturbances is also analyzed, with comparison to that of the traditional power plants. The proposed BESS aggregation controller is also validated using software simulations and a hardware testbed.Index Terms-Battery energy storage system (BESS), control performance standard 1 (CPS1), control performance standard 2 (CPS2), load frequency control (LFC), sizing sensitivity analysis, virtual power plant (VPP).1949-3053 c 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.Shuaixun Chen (M'13) received the B.S. dual degrees in power engineering and business administration from Wuhan University,

Assessment of primary frequency control through battery energy storage systems

“…Multi-hour/day simulations to study the BESSs impact on the grid are considered in [20,21,22,23,24]. In [20], the impact of a BESS on a small power system is evaluated with field tests by changing the parameters of PFC.…”

“…In [22,23,24], the focus is on secondary frequency control, where BESSs are introduced in the simulations to improve the stability of the grid, and their performance is compared to Conventional Generation (CG).…”

“…The evaluation of the performance of the frequency control through BESSs is closely linked to the creation of realistic frequency scenarios. In [22,23,24], measurement data from several load profiles and photovoltaic power plants are used, while the power exchanged at the tie lines and frequency reserves are estimated. These approaches cannot guarantee a realistic signal, unless a huge and diversified database of measurements is used, which is impractical for large scale power systems.…”

Integration of Large Scale PV-Based Generation into Power Systems: A Survey

“…Today, applying energy storage systems with photovoltaic systems is promising and a lot of attention and various studies are being performed in this field. Therefore, an encouraging research concept which opened new windows in the field of hybrid RE/ESS generation system is the concept of virtual inertia (VI) and virtual synchronous generator (VSG) [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. In the VSG concept, a short term energy storage system should be added next to converters of renewable-based power generation systems.…”

Characterization of a Fast Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Response

“…Frequency response, especially in smaller grid systems, requires the very quick injection or withdrawal of real power [9]. While there are a number of ways to address this issue, fast response battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies for this grid service [10], and several modeling studies have indicated the potential for BESSs to provide frequency regulation [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Other ancillary services have also been demonstrated to minimize daily operational cost as well as energy scheduling [17,18].…”