“…The collaborative lumbar puncture robot system was a four degree of freedom robot developed at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University for medical needle insertion applications
25–28 . The dynamic model of the surgical robot in the joint space is of the form:
where
, with
, is the vector of the joint variables,
are the velocity and acceleration of the joint angles,
denotes the inertia matrix,
is the vector of the Coriolis/centrifugal torques,
is the vector of the gravitational torques,
is the vector of the joint friction torques,
denotes the control input to the robot actuators,
is the robot Jacobian, and
…”