Cells respond to external stress by altering their membrane lipid
composition to maintain fluidity, integrity and net charge. However,
in interactions with charged nanoparticles (NPs), altering membrane
charge could adversely affect its ability to transport ions across
the cell membrane. Hence, it is important to understand possible pathways
by which cells could alter zwitterionic lipid composition to respond
to NPs without compromising membrane integrity and charge. Here, we
report in situ synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XR) measurements to
monitor the interaction of cationic NPs in the form of quantum dots,
with phase-separated supported lipid bilayers of different compositions
containing an anionic lipid and zwitterionic lipids having variable
degrees of stiffness. We observe that the extent of NP penetration
into the respective membranes, as estimated from XR data analysis,
is inversely related to membrane compression moduli, which was tuned
by altering the stiffness of
the zwitterionic lipid component. For a particular membrane composition
with a discernible height difference between ordered and disordered
phases, we were able to observe subtle correlations between the extent
of charge on the NPs and the specificity to bind to the charged and
ordered phase, contrary to that observed earlier for phase-separated
model biomembranes containing no charged lipids. Our results provide
microscopic insight into the role of membrane rigidity and electrostatics
in determining membrane permeation. This can lead to great potential
benefits in rational designing of NPs for bioimaging and drug delivery
applications as well as in assessing and alleviating cytotoxicity
of NPs.