Penetration and perforation of FRP laminates struck transversely by conical-nosed projectiles

Influence of areal density on the energy absorbed by thin composite plates subjected to high-velocity impacts

“…These researchers found that the perforation velocity varies linearly with laminate thickness within the range of 3 to 14 mm. On the contrary, He et al 9 stated that there is a non-linear relationship between perforation velocity and thickness for a broad range of thicknesses below 16 mm. They proposed a theoretical model based on the assumption that the strain is localized and that the contact force is velocity dependent.…”

“…Kasano and Abe, 13 conducting high-velocity impact tests on orthotropic and quasi-isotropic carbon laminates using spherical projectiles, found a linear relationship between perforation velocities and laminate thickness for both laminates. On the contrary, He et al, 9 using a theoretical model, proposed a non-linear relationship between perforation velocity and thickness of up to 10 mm (corresponding to a non-quadratic relationship between perforation-threshold energy and thickness). These authors validated the model with experimental data from Ulven et al, 14 who tested woven carbon/epoxy laminates 3.2 and 6.5 mm thick, impacted by conical-nosed projectiles.…”

“…A non-linear relationship was found between perforation velocity and thickness. Also, He et al, 9 using a theoretical model, proposed a non-linear relationship between perforation velocity and thickness for glass-fibre laminates less than 7 mm thick. On the contrary, Naik et al 15 found a linear variation for woven e-glass/epoxy laminates, in a thickness range from 1.0 to 2.6 mm, when it was impacted by flat Non-linear Naik et al 16 Linear a: Depend of mass and diameter of projectile.…”

“…Several authors have studied the influence of these parameters on perforation velocity or the perforation-threshold energy of Kevlar-, carbon-and glass-fibre laminates. 2,[5][6][7]9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] For armour-grade laminates, a non-linear relationship between perforation-threshold energy and thickness has been suggested. 17 Zhu et al 5 studied the perforation response of [0/90] Kevlar/polyester laminates impacted by cylindro-conical projectiles.…”

“…1,4 The influence of some of these parameters on the perforation of laminate plates has been studied. 2,3,[5][6][7][8][9][10] One of the main parameters affecting perforation is laminate thickness. An alternative and related parameter is the areal or surface density (density per square meter) of the laminate.…”