“…Moreover, a number of heuristic techniques such as Taguchi method (TM) , Hopfield neural network (HNN) (Park, Kim, Eom, & Lee, 1993), adaptive Hopfield neural network (AHNN) (Lee, Sode-Yome, & Park, 1998), and evolutionary programming (EP) (Sadasivam & Sadasivam, 2000) have been applied to solve ED problem with the consideration of multiple fuel source options. Recently, a few modern approaches such as improved genetic algorithm with multiplier updating (IGA-MU) (Chiang, 2005), new particle swarm optimization (NPSO) with local random search (NPSO-LRS) (Selvakumar & Thanushkodi, 2007), anti-predatory particle swarm optimization (APSO) (Selvakumar & Thanushkodi, 2008), and various evolutionary algorithms (EA) (Manoharan, Kannan, Baskar, & Iruthayarajan, 2008) proposed to solve ED considering both valve loading effects and multi-fuel options together.…”