Pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis: incidence of primary and repeat episodes in England

Abstract

SUMMARYPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and more specifically salpingitis (visually confirmed inflammation) is the primary cause of tubal factor infertility and is an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. The risk of these outcomes increases following repeated episodes of PID. We developed a homogenous discrete-time Markov model for the distribution of PID history in the UK. We used a Bayesian framework to fully propagate parameter uncertainty into the model outputs. We estimated the model parameters from routine data, prospective studies, and other sources. We estimated that for women aged 35-44 years, 33·6% and 16·1% have experienced at least one episode of PID and salpingitis, respectively (diagnosed or not) and 10·7% have experienced one salpingitis and no further PID episodes, 3·7% one salpingitis and one further PID episode, and 1·7% one salpingitis and 52 further PID episodes. Results are consistent with numerous external data sources, but not all. Studies of the proportion of PID that is diagnosed, and the proportion of PIDs that are salpingitis together with the severity distribution in different diagnostic settings and of overlap between routine data sources of PID would be valuable.

Salpingitis Impairs Bovine Tubal Function and Sperm-Oviduct Interaction

“…Due to the significant long-term sequelae, widespread health complications and reproductive morbidity, PID is a major public health concern 50–52 . PID is mostly found in sexually active women of reproductive age 11,14,53,54 and is often correlated with tubal factor infertility (TFI) which accounts for approximately 30–40% of infertility in females 3,55 . As recently shown most cases of TFI are due to salpingitis 56 .…”

“…Salpingitis occurs after sexually transmitted lower gential infections which are predominantly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae . A study in England estimated that out of 33.6% of women diagnosed with PID, 16.1% had experienced at least an episode of salpingitis 54 . Salpingitis in humans is difficult to diagnose because symptoms are often attenuate or mild.…”

Reproductive outcomes after non-occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium, Willits California, 1983-2014

“…In the general population, these usually reflect defective embryo implantation due to scarred fallopian tubes caused by infectious pelvic inflammatory disease [64]. Cr(VI) is adept at producing non-infectious inflammation [65].…”

Organoid technology in female reproductive biomedicine

“…The fallopian tube (oviduct or uterine tube) is a central organ of the female reproductive system that plays an essential role in oocyte maturation and selection, gamete and embryo transportation, sperm reservoir, control of polyspermy, fertilization and early embryonic development [18]. It is believed that the fallopian tube is the origin site of several clinically important diseases such as high-grade serous ovarian cancer (the deadliest form of gynecological cancer), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility [19,20]. Direct examination and study of fallopian tubes in alive patients is extremely difficult and somehow impossible due to its intra-abdominal location and structure.…”