Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

Carrano, Matthew T.; Hutchinson, John R.

doi:10.1002/jmor.10018

Cited by 236 publications

(713 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(129 reference statements)

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“…The midshaft becomes slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, with each ischium exhibiting a more elongate, D-shaped cross-section. The contact surface is no longer rugose at this point, and the posterior shaft is flattened, marking the origination area of M. flexor tibialis internus 3 (Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002). Most distally, the medial contact forms a thin ridge on the posterior surface.…”

Section: Pelvic Girdlementioning

confidence: 98%

“…The lateral surface is concave but lacks a centrally placed vertical ridge. A thin, striated scar for the origination of M. iliotibialis extends along the dorsal border (Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002). The acetabulum is open and is overhung by a prominent supraacetabular crest, best seen in FMNH PR 2481.…”

Section: Pelvic Girdlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is fairly straight-shafted, with a striated scar near the (presumed) midshaft marking the origin of M. adductor femoris 2 (Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002). The proximal portion of the ischium is also striated near the pubic contact and bears a discrete, oblong bump, which was probably the origin of M. flexor tibialis internus 3 (Hutchinson, 2001;Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002).…”

Section: Pelvic Girdlementioning

confidence: 99%

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New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda:Ceratosauria)

Carrano¹,

Loewen²,

Sertich³

2011

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

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181

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Section: Pelvic Girdlementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Pelvic Girdlementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pelvic Girdlementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda:Ceratosauria)

Carrano¹,

Loewen²,

Sertich³

2011

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Self Cite

181

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“…Brevis fossa/shelf. In archosaurs, a portion of the caudofemoralis musculature, the caudofemoralis brevis, attaches to either the lateral or ventral portion of the posterior process of the ilium, just posterior to the acetabulum (Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002). Only a slight attachment scar for this muscle is present on the ilia of crurotarsans, whereas most dinosaurs have a distinct scar or fossa (=pocket) on either the lateral or ventral surface of the ilium.…”

Section: Character States That Might Diagnose Dinosauriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs

Brusatte

Nesbitt

Irmis

et al. 2010

Earth-Science Reviews

240

214

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Dinosaurs were remarkably successful during the Mesozoic and one subgroup, birds, remain an important component of modern ecosystems. Although the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous has been the subject of intense debate, comparatively little attention has been given to the origin and early evolution of dinosaurs during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, one of the most important evolutionary radiations in earth history. Our understanding of this keystone event has dramatically changed over the past 25 years, thanks to an influx of new fossil discoveries, reinterpretations of long-ignored specimens, and quantitative macroevolutionary analyses that synthesize anatomical and geological data. Here we provide an overview of the first 50 million years of dinosaur history, with a focus on the large-scale patterns that characterize the ascent of dinosaurs from a small, almost marginal group of reptiles in the Late Triassic to the preeminent terrestrial vertebrates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous. We provide both a biological and geological background for early dinosaur history. Dinosaurs are deeply nested among the archosaurian reptiles, diagnosed by only a small number of characters, and are subdivided into a number of major lineages. The first unequivocal dinosaurs are known from the late Carnian of South America, but the presence of their sister group in the Middle Triassic implies that dinosaurs possibly originated much earlier. The three major dinosaur lineages, theropods, sauropodomorphs, and ornithischians, are all known from the Triassic, when continents were joined into the supercontinent Pangaea and global climates were hot and arid. Although many researchers have long suggested that dinosaurs outcompeted other reptile groups during the Triassic, we argue that the ascent of dinosaurs was more of a matter of contingency and opportunism. Dinosaurs were overshadowed in most Late Triassic ecosystems by crocodile-line archosaurs and showed no signs of outcompeting their rivals. Instead, the rise of dinosaurs was a two-stage process, as dinosaurs expanded in taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, and absolute faunal abundance only after the extinction of most crocodile-line reptiles and other groups.

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“…If such osteological correlates are present on vertebrae of sauropods, similar muscles can be reconstructed confidently. However, variation in the soft tissue configuration of extant counterparts and uncertainties in the interpretation of osteological correlates requires a cautious approach in reconstructing soft tissue anatomy of extinct taxa (Bryant and Russell, 1992;Witmer, 1995;Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Schwarz

2009

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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ABSTRACT-Thoracic epaxial muscles of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods are reconstructed for the first time using an Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. In the dorsal vertebral column, three different epaxial muscle groups were present. The medialmost m. transversospinalis and the laterally adjacent m. longissimus dorsi were connected to the neural arches. The lateralmost m. iliocostalis was connected to the dorsal ribs. The medial part of m. transversospinalis of diplodocids and dicraeosaurids comprised at least two tendon systems that had a trellis-like arrangement. Osteological characters of the dorsal vertebrae in related taxa suggest a similar configuration of the thoracic epaxial muscles in all eusauropods, although there was variation in tendon arrangements and in the cross-section of each muscle. The thoracic epaxial musculature in eusauropods played an important role for trunk support; its variation in different eusauropods is directly connected with bony support structures and influenced the mobility of the trunk and locomotion. Modifications in the thoracic epaxial musculature are especially apparent in Saltasauridae, which suggests differences in their locomotor capabilities, such as increased trunk mobility or larger stride lengths.

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Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

Cited by 236 publications

References 30 publications

New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda:Ceratosauria)

New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda:Ceratosauria)

The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs

Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

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