“…Indonesia's geographical location is traversed by the ring of fire, where series of active volcanoes are spread along the path (Amri, Bird, Ronan, Haynes, & Towers, 2017;Desfandi, 2014;Honesti & Djali, 2012;Sair, 2019;Subagia, 2017). It puts Indonesia into one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world (Djalante, Garschagen, Thomalla, & Shaw, 2017).…”