“…Research into classroom peer effects on young children's EF performance has been steadily accumulating over the past decade. Findings from this work suggest that having classmates with poor self-regulation and EF skills can negatively influence the acquisition and development of individual EF skill development during elementary school (Finch et al, 2019;Montroy, Bowles, & Skibbe, 2016;Weiland, Ulvestad, Sachs, & Yoshikawa, 2013). Much of this research has leveraged multi-level modeling techniques to estimate peer effects by generating classroom averages of students' performance on standardized EF tasksconsistently finding links between average peer EF skills and individual students' EF performance across early schooling (Finch et al, 2019;Montroy, Bowles, & Skibbe, 2016;Weiland, Ulvestad, Sachs, & Yoshikawa, 2013).…”