Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading of a Community Connected with an AC and DC Microgrid

Abstract

The awareness of self-consumption of grid-connected roof-top solar photovoltaic (PV) owners in a community and the advancement in information and communication technologies (ICT) led to the development of a novel peer-to-peer energy trading mechanism for next-generation power systems. In the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading landscape, the prosumers and consumers self-organize and trade energy among themselves. In recent years, the large penetration of distributed energy resources, as well as the advancement of technologies in the fields of protection, power electronics, and storage devices, led to the use of direct current (DC) home appliances by the end-users, i.e., consumers in a community. In this paper, the operational costs of an individual household and community when operated with alternating current (AC) and DC home appliances are calculated using bill sharing and the mid-market rate method for various degrees of PV penetration. The bill sharing method shares the operational cost and income among all the peers in proportion to the amount of energy they consume/generate. The mid-market rate method calculates the P2P internal price at the median of the import and export price based on the relationship between total generation and demand. In terms of operational cost, both producers and consumers benefit fairly when the mid-market rate method is used when the households in a community are operated with DC home appliances.

Emerging Business Models in Local Energy Markets: A Systematic Review of Peer-To-Peer, Community Self-Consumption, and Transactive Energy Models

“…• generation (fuel) costs for non-renewables [113,116] • consumption costs for not self-generated electricity [113,116] operation (degradation) costs of BESS [116] • grid related costs [113,116] • none or not specified [28,107,114,126] a a Entry refers to a paper that contains more than one energy market model. • providing electricity [37,104,106,[108][109][110] a -at more convenient rates (e.g. than wholesale market) [37,104,106,108,110] • providing electricity [119,130,135] -at more convenient rates (e.g.…”

“…• providing electricity [37,104,106,[108][109][110] a -at more convenient rates (e.g. than wholesale market) [37,104,106,108,110] • providing electricity [119,130,135] -at more convenient rates (e.g. than wholesale market) [130,135] • providing flexibility [119,120,130] -through Demand Response (inc. EVs & battery) [120,130] • -short time dispatch [119,130] (continued on next page) • Prosumer [130,135] • Aggregator [119,120] -selling to DSO (Grid Operator) [120] -selling to TSO (Grid Operator) [119] • Retailer [130] Customer relationships…”

“…• automated [37,104,106,108,110] a • community [110] • anonymous [104] a • not discussed [109] • automated [119,120,130,135]…”

Intelligent Energy Management in a Prosumer Community Considering the Load Factor Enhancement

“…The results show the effectiveness of the fog model for real-time data flow in addition to the financial gain. To minimize the operating costs of both individual residences and an entire residential community, a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading methodology was developed in [32]. Each residence was equipped with a rooftop PV system, SBs, and a set of DC and AC electrical loads, where the P2P methodology resulted in energy savings for different levels of PV energy penetration.…”

A Stochastic MPC Based Energy Management System for Simultaneous Participation in Continuous and Discrete Prosumer-to-Prosumer Energy Markets

“…A large body of literature is devoted to applications in which a series of peers under the same point of common coupling (PCC), or alternatively within the same microgrid, aggregate their generation and their consumption so that they interface the grid to import/export only the net of what they need/exceed as a community. The costs and incentives are then shared out by prorating the contribution of each peer to the total consumption and total supply (energy produced that does not need to be imported from the network) [14][15][16].…”