Peer Reviewed: The Challenge of Remediating Chromium-Contaminated Soil

Abstract

The complex chemistry of chromium compounds presents unique measurement and regulatory challenges.

Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Chromium Uptake by Sunflower Plants: Influence on Tissue Mineral Concentration, Growth, and Gas Exchange

“…This is explained in part because P and Cr are competitive species, as mentioned previously. [23,33,34,36] Tissue P was the same among non-Cr treated AM and Non-AM plants. However, though P concentration was similar (0.30 AE 0.02% vs. 0.26 AE 0.02%) between AM and Non-AM plants it does not necessarily mean that P was not involved in growth enhancement.…”

“…The low solubility of Cr(III) plus strong retention on soil surfaces limits its bioavailability and mobility in soil and water. [23] Greater phytoextraction of Cr(VI) than Cr(III) was reported in a non-mycorrhizal study of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Thlaspi caerulescens. [1] Chromium is toxic for agronomic plants at about 0.5 to 5.0 mg mL À1 in nutrient solution and 5 to 100 mg g À1 in soil.…”

“…Furthermore information is lacking on the influence of mycorrhiza on the uptake of other essential plant macro-and micronutrients in soils contaminated with Cr. It is known that Cr predominantly exists in two forms in soil: as a trivalent cation {( [21,22,23] Chromium (III) readily precipitates in soil, whereas greater environmental pollution problems occur with the more mobile and toxic Cr(VI). [24,25] Hence, this research was conducted to determine the effects of Glomus intraradices (Schenck and Smith) in the phytoremediation of Cr using sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annuus L.).…”

Environmental Pollution Remediation through Solidification/Fixation of Heavy Metal Ions in Portland Cement

“…The arsenic valence state primarily depends on type and source of arsenic pollutant, environmental pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and ligand exchange, the presence of iron oxides and other sulfur-containing in a hydrologic environment can cause environment risk due to the mobility of the metal ions. These metal ions may get mixed in surface water and ground water system, which may be determined to human being and environment [18][19][20]. One of the best methods for their disposal is to transform them into a water insoluble material or at least to a form in which chances of water leachability are extremely low [21,22] (Table 1).…”

Scavenging of nickel and chromium toxicity in Aulosira fertilissima by immobilization: Effect on nitrogen assimilating enzymes

“…Cyanobacteria, a group of prokaryotic, photosynthetic nitrogen fixers are present in every ecological niche and therefore, exposed to the toxic effects of the metals. The effects of a few metals have been studied with respect to growth, nitrogenase activity and carbon fixation, (Ting et al1990;Cano et al 1993;Gambrell, 1994;Blackwell et al 1995;Chuan and Liu, 1996;James, 1996;Bohme, 1998;Kimbrough et al 1999;Zaccaro et al 1999;Barman et al 2000;Kisku et al 2000;Kotas and Stasicka, 2000;Suresh Babu et al 2000;Armienta et al 2001;Epniewska and Bucior, 2001;Suresh Babu et al 2001). What has not been attempted is the study of naturally immobilized cyanobacteria such as Aulosira fertilissima, in ameliorating toxicity using similar immobilized conditions in the laboratory.…”