Peer Reviewed: Nonextractable Pesticide Residues in Soil

Gevao, Bondi; Jones, Kevin C.; Semple, Kirk T.; Craven, Andrew; Burauel, Peter

doi:10.1021/es032402n

Cited by 42 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Organics transferred to soil are retained by sorption to organic matter (Cousins et al, 1999), but incompletely subject to re-volatilisation due to the long-term dynamics of sorption ("aging"; e.g. Gevao et al, 2003;Lehnik-Habrink et al, 2010), a process that is hardly understood. PCBs undergo multiple deposition and (re-)volatilisation cycles on land and sea (Wania and Mackay, 1993;Klečka et al, 2000;Gouin and Wania, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractionation and current time trends of PCB congeners: evolvement of distributions 1950–2010 studied using a global atmosphere-ocean general circulation model

Lammel

Stemmler

2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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PCBs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants expected to decline in abiotic environmental media in response to decreasing primary emissions since the 1970s. A coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model with embedded dynamic sub-models for atmospheric aerosols and the marine biogeochemistry and air-surface exchange processes with soils, vegetation and the cryosphere is used to study the transport and fate of four PCB congeners covering a range of 3–7 chlorine atoms. <br><br> The change of the geographic distribution of the PCB mixture reflects the sources and sinks' evolvement over time. Globally, secondary emissions (re-volatilisation from surfaces) are on the long term increasingly gaining importance over primary emissions. Secondary emissions are most important for the congeners with 5–6 chlorine atoms. Correspondingly, the levels of these congeners are predicted to decrease slowest. Changes in congener mixture composition (fractionation) are characterized both geographically and temporally. In high latitudes enrichment of the lighter, less persistent congeners and more delayed decreasing levels in response to decreasing emissions are found. The delivery of the contaminants to high latitudes is predicted to be more efficient than previously suggested. The results suggest furthermore that the effectiveness of emission control measures may significantly vary among substances. The trends of decline of organic contaminant levels in the abiotic environmental media do not only vary with latitude (slow in high latitudes), but do also show longitudinal gradients

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractionation and current time trends of PCB congeners: evolvement of distributions 1950–2010 studied using a global atmosphere-ocean general circulation model

Lammel

Stemmler

2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…As is known, bound residues are defined as parents or metabolites of contaminants left in sample after the sample was extracted by Soxhlet for 24 h [14,15,25]. Khan and Hamilton [33] demonstrated that a steady decrease of extractable prometryn was accompanied by a corresponding increase of bound residues.…”

Section: Predominance Of Solvothermal Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach is a surface mediated process and adsorption of PCBs onto the surface plays an important role in the whole process [11]. But it is noteworthy that, a portion of PCBs was prone to be associated with soil organic matter such as humic acid (HA), bound humic acid (bound HA) [12,13] and thus result in the formation of unextractable (bound) PCBs [14,15]. Accordingly, these bound PCBs were difficult to be effectively disposed by capping approach [11,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advantage of solvothermal procedure for polychlorinated biphenyls removal from e-waste contaminated site

Zhang

Zhu

Zhang

2011

Chemical Engineering Journal

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a b s t r a c tPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmentally persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative and recalcitrant. In this study, aged PCBs from e-waste contaminated site were respectively subjected to Soxhlet and solvothermal treatments. The results indicated that solvothermal method was much more predominant for PCBs removal than traditional Soxhlet method. Sequential Soxhlet-solvothermal experiment demonstrated that Soxhlet unextractable (bound) PCBs were efficiently removed by solvothermal procedure due to enhanced solvating effects of organic solvents. The key point was that bound PCBs in the aged soil were partitioned in different components of soil organic matter, e.g., the solvothermal removal amounts of I-V PCBs (sum of PCB8, PCB18, PCB28, PCB44, PCB66) from fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), bound humic acid (bound HA), bound lipids and mineral fraction were 0.4, 40.8, 28.4, 19.8, and 10.6%, respectively. It was found that isopropanol was the most effective solvent for PCBs removal. The optimum performing temperature, time and liquid to solid ratio for PCB8, PCB18, PCB28, PCB44, and PCB66 were 170 • C, 8 h and 10:1, respectively. As for higher molecular weight PCB congeners, these conditions were 150 • C, 10 h and 15:1. Soil organic matter content was unchanged after solvothermal treatment indicating that soil fertility remained after the removal process. This work provides a more clean process for effective treatment of soils contaminated by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in comparison to traditional methods.

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“…For instance, hazardous waste chemicals or microorganisms reach humans through several exposure routes, such as dermal contact with soil, ingestion of water and contaminated food, and inhalation. The degree of waste impacts is highly depended on their bioavailability [42] but not on the assumption of their total availability of extractable residues.…”

Section: Exposure Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%