Peer Reviewed: Biological Warfare Detection

Walt, David R.; Franz, David R.

doi:10.1021/ac003002a

Cited by 127 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The toxins were also spiked and measured in a variety of food samples, including canned tomatoes, sweet corn, green beans, mushrooms, and tuna.The toxins staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and botulinum toxin A are responsible for food poisoning and have the potential to be used as biological warfare agents, with the current toxic dose for aerosol forms at 0.02 g/kg of body weight and 0.07 g/kg, respectively (3,4,28,29). There is need for a rapid method of monitoring food, water, and air samples for both natural and intentional contamination by these toxins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensor Detection of Botulinum Toxoid A and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food

Sapsford

Taitt

Loo

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Immunoassays were developed for the simultaneous detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B and botulinum toxoid A in buffer, with limits of detection of 0.1 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml, respectively. The toxins were also spiked and measured in a variety of food samples, including canned tomatoes, sweet corn, green beans, mushrooms, and tuna.The toxins staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and botulinum toxin A are responsible for food poisoning and have the potential to be used as biological warfare agents, with the current toxic dose for aerosol forms at 0.02 g/kg of body weight and 0.07 g/kg, respectively (3,4,28,29). There is need for a rapid method of monitoring food, water, and air samples for both natural and intentional contamination by these toxins. Here, we demonstrate the rapid, simultaneous dose-dependent detection of SEB and botulinum toxoid A (BotA), as measured using the Naval Research Laboratory array biosensor (7). The array biosensor has successfully been used for the detection of a variety of species, initially in buffer but increasingly in food and environmental matrices (16-22, 24, 26, 27).Here, biotinylated capture antibodies (10 g ml Ϫ1 in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 [PBST]) were patterned on NeutrAvidin-functionalized slides using a poly(dimethyl)siloxane flow cell, as described previously (16). Each slide was patterned with two columns specific for chicken immunoglobulin Y (positive controls), five specific for BotA, and five for SEB. Twenty-minute sandwich immunoassays were performed essentially as described previously (19,22,24) using a cocktail of fluorescently labeled tracer antibodies (100 ng/ml Cy5-chicken immunoglobulin Y and 10 g/ml each of AlexaFluor647 anti-SEB and Cy5 anti-botulinum toxin A in PBST containing 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin [PBSTB]) to detect bound targets (2, 24). Assays were developed with PBSTB for measurement of dose-response curves for both BotA and SEB simultaneously. The samples were spiked such that the concentrations of BotA decreased (0 to 500 ng/ml), while those of SEB increased (0 to 7.5 ng/ml). Four control samples were analyzed on each slide-two buffer controls containing only a single toxin (lanes 1 and 10) and an analogous set of spiked food matrices (lanes 2 and 9). A typical assay response is shown in Fig. 1, with a decreasing intensity of the BotA loci from top to bottom and increasing intensity for the SEB loci, corresponding to the concentration variation of the toxins. The different dynamic ranges used for the two toxins are a result of the different affinities of their respective antibodies. There is no apparent cross-reactivity between the species. The limit of detection (LOD), the lowest concentration giving 3 standard deviations above buffer-negative control values, was 20 ng/ml for BotA, although occasionally samples containing 5 ng/ml were positive by the same criteria. The SEB LOD was consistently found to be 0.1 ng/ml as previously reported (24). Although the LOD for BotA (20 ng/ml) is higher than that achieved by mouse bi...

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confidence: 99%

Biosensor Detection of Botulinum Toxoid A and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food

Sapsford

Taitt

Loo

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The World Health Organization estimated that attacking a large city with 50 kg of anthrax spores would produce 95,000 deaths and an additional 125,000 sicknesses [4]. And for viral hemorrhagic fevers, less than 10 organisms can cause decease and many of the most dangerous biological warfare agents are infectious when less than 10,000 organisms or spores are inhaled [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Bioagents/Bioaerosols Standoff Detection by Lidar

Yang¹

2016

IJEMA

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Scattering, fluorescence and polarization are the important data source for bioagent or bioaerosol time-space observation and identification. This paper stated and discussed the theory and data inversion principles for Mie scattering, laser induced fluorescence and polarization sensing Lidar. The sensing and data inversion results for bioagent/bioaerosol extinction coefficient, horizontal linear depolarization ratio were also demonstrated. The signal and SNR simulation of fluorescence lidar were also demonstrated. The sensing results revealed that the three kinds of detecting technology approaches are reasonable and potential for bioagent/bioaerosol characterization and recognition.

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“…And finally, does the sample contain biohazardous bacteria? Several types of biological warfare agent detection equipment for field usage have been developed, 4) and some are now commercially available. 5) In order to detect bacteria in samples, various kinds of technologies have been designed and adopted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive Detection of Bacteria and Spores Using a Portable Bioluminescence ATP Measurement Assay System Distinguishing from White Powder Materials

Fujinami

Kataoka

Matsushita

et al. 2004

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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The CheckLite™ 250 Plus portable bioluminescence assay system for measuring bacterial adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was investigated for its performance with respect to the field detection of bacteria in bioterrorism incidents. Vegetative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis gave considerably high luminescence in a dose-dependent manner with responses of 10 4 -10 5 relative light units (RLU) per 10 7 cells, whereas spore forms of B. subtilis showed considerably low luminescence with 214 RLU per 10 9 spores. Typical white powder materials such as wheat flour, sugar, and bovine serum albumin at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5% (w/v) gave only negligible luminescence (lower than 400 RLU), and did not change the luminescence of E. coli cells significantly (42-102% of the control). The luminescence of B. subtilis spores increased considerably to over 10 4 RLU per 10 7 spores by pretreatment consisting of 37°C incubation for 30 min in nutrient broth medium containing 4 mM L-alanine. The increased luminescence by this pretreatment was not changed considerably (42-145% of the control) in the presence of the above tested white powder materials (0.1 and 0.5%).

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Peer Reviewed: Biological Warfare Detection

Cited by 127 publications

References 14 publications

Biosensor Detection of Botulinum Toxoid A and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food

Biosensor Detection of Botulinum Toxoid A and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food

Study on Bioagents/Bioaerosols Standoff Detection by Lidar

Sensitive Detection of Bacteria and Spores Using a Portable Bioluminescence ATP Measurement Assay System Distinguishing from White Powder Materials

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