Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study.

Gardner, Margo; Steinberg, Laurence

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625

Cited by 1,784 publications

(1,566 citation statements)

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“…For example, studies have examined the effect of social influence on adolescents' driving risks (Chein et al., 2011; Gardner & Steinberg, 2005), substance use (Caouette & Ewing, 2017; Lundborg, 2006) and risk perception (Knoll et al., 2015). Studies that have compared age groups have found that susceptibility to these types of social influence is high in childhood and/or adolescence and then decreases with age (Chein et al., 2011; Gardner & Steinberg, 2005; Knoll et al., 2015). The current study suggests that there is a similar decrease in social influence across age with regard to positive, prosocial behaviour, indicating that young people may be especially likely to be positively socially influenced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heightened susceptibility to social influence in adolescents, relative to adults, paired with increased independence from their family, can lead adolescents to take more risks when with their peers. For example, adolescents take more risks in a simulated driving game when being watched by friends, whereas adults do not (Chein, Albert, O'Brien, Uckert, & Steinberg, 2011; Gardner & Steinberg, 2005). Knowing that peers are engaging in substance use (alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs) increases the likelihood of adolescent substance use (Lundborg, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age differences in the prosocial influence effect

Foulkes

Leung²,

Fuhrmann

et al. 2018

Developmental Science

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Social influence occurs when an individual's thoughts or behaviours are affected by other people. There are significant age effects on susceptibility to social influence, typically a decline from childhood to adulthood. Most research has focused on negative aspects of social influence, such as peer influence on risky behaviour, particularly in adolescence. The current study investigated the impact of social influence on the reporting of prosocial behaviour (any act intended to help another person). In this study, 755 participants aged 8–59 completed a computerized task in which they rated how likely they would be to engage in a prosocial behaviour. Afterwards, they were told the average rating (in fact fictitious) that other participants had given to the same question, and then were asked to rate the same behaviour again. We found that participants' age affected the extent to which they were influenced by other people: children (8–11 years), young adolescents (12–14 years) and mid‐adolescents (15–18 years) all significantly changed their ratings, while young adults (19–25 years) and adults (26–59 years) did not. Across the three youngest age groups, children showed the most susceptibility to prosocial influence, changing their reporting of prosocial behaviour the most. The study provides evidence that younger people's increased susceptibility to social influence can have positive outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in the prosocial influence effect

Foulkes

Leung²,

Fuhrmann

et al. 2018

Developmental Science

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“…Prevention programs are particularly encouraged in the early adolescent years when attitudes are forming [115] and when adolescents tend to be more vulnerable to normative influences. Thus, related interventions should be more intensive for this age group and greater attention should be afforded to peer influence and related socio-emotional processes that facilitate risky behavior under social pressure [116,117]. For example, forging a unique and individual identity could be important in this context as adolescents appear particularly susceptible to descriptive norms [111].…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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Key points-A meta-analysis including 63 independent datasets was conducted.-Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were strong positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors.-Morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping were negatively associated with doping intentions and behaviors. AbstractBackground: There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. Objectives:Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g., attitudes), social-contextual factors (e.g., social norms), and demographic (e.g., sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use, (ii) examine variables which moderate such effect sizes, and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior.Data sources: Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website.Study eligibility criteria and participants: Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. Study appraisal and synthesis method: Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and Running head: PERSONAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF DOPING 2 identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a sub-set of studies that utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior.Results: Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope, and indirectly, doping behaviors. Limitations:Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. Conclusions:This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended theory of planned behavior framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.

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“…Association with deviant peers has been shown to be a significant predictor of adolescent substance use (van Ryzin et al, 2012), presence of peers in an automobile increases risk of a serious accident (Centifanti et al, 2014), and an adolescent's sexual risk taking is tied to perceptions of peer sexual activity (Akers et al, 2011). In addition, the presence of peers predicts increased adolescent risk taking in a laboratory setting, even in the absence of peer interaction (Gardner and Steinberg, 2005). Importantly, such peer effects on this laboratory task have not been found for either adults or children.…”

Section: The Importance Of Peersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this developmental period of increased pubertal hormones, the salience of social status becomes more significant than at any other point in the life course (Gardner and Steinberg, 2005). A range of laboratory tasks, primarily focused on adults, has been used to explore the association between testosterone and deviations from purely rational strategic decision making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social status strategy in early adolescent girls: Testosterone and value-based decision making

Cardoos

Suleiman

Johnson

et al. 2017

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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a b s t r a c tThere has been strong interest, spanning several disciplines, in understanding adolescence as a developmental period of increased risk-taking behavior. Our goals focus on one line of investigation within this larger developmental risk framework. Specifically, we examined levels of pubertal hormones in girls in relation to their willingness to take greater financial risks to gain social status. To this end, we tested the hypothesis that higher levels of testosterone during the ages of pubertal maturation are associated with a greater willingness to sacrifice money for social admiration. Sixty-three girls ages 10-14 (M age = 12.74) participated in laboratory measures and completed at-home saliva sample collection. The Pubertal Development Scale (PDS) and basal hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol, DHEA) measured pubertal maturation. We made use of a developmentally appropriate version of an Auction Task in which adolescents could take financial risks in order to gain socially motivated outcomes (social status). PDS and testosterone were each associated with overall levels of financial risk taking over the course of the Auction Task. In hierarchical models, PDS and testosterone were predictors of the slope of overbidding over the course of the task. Results provide evidence for the role of testosterone and pubertal maturation in girls' motivations to engage in costly decision making in order to gain social status. Findings contribute to our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of some interesting aspects of adolescent risk behavior.

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Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study.

Cited by 1,784 publications

References 58 publications

Age differences in the prosocial influence effect

Age differences in the prosocial influence effect

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

Social status strategy in early adolescent girls: Testosterone and value-based decision making

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