“…This type of lens is also necessary to the trajectories that involve transforming self-image and widening agency, because in both, existing beliefs and assumptions are challenged by new information to enable change (Pajares 1992: Arvaja, 2016. This is in line with Mezirow's (1991) transformative learning theory, in which collaborative consensus-seeking and validity-testing act as bases for transforming perspectives on meaning (see also Uitto, Kaunisto, Kelchtermans & Estola, 2016). Mastering new theoretical concepts and communication skills and challenging one's existing beliefs and assumptions in discussion groups seem to strengthen adult learners' capabilities for argumentation and self-expression, which, in turn, increase feelings of empowerment (see also Aarto-Pesonen, 2013).…”