PEDV inhibits HNRNPA3 expression by miR-218-5p to enhance cellular lipid accumulation and promote viral replication

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) requires complete dependence on the metabolic system of the host cell to complete its life cycle. There is a strong link between efficient viral replication and cellular lipid synthesis. However, the mechanism by which PEDV interacts with host cells to hijack cellular lipid metabolism to promote its replication remains unclear. In this study, PEDV infection significantly enhanced the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes and increased cellular lipid accumulation. Furthermore, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRNPA3) as the interacting molecule of PEDV NSP9. We demonstrated that the expression of HNRNPA3 was downregulated by PEDV-induced miR-218-5p through targeting its 3′ untranslated region. Interestingly, knocking down HNRNPA3 facilitated the PEDV replication by promoting cellular lipid synthesis. We next found that the knockdown of HNRNPA3 potentiated the transcriptional activity of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) through zinc finger protein 135 (ZNF135) as well as PI3K/AKT and JNK signaling pathways. In summary, we propose a model in which PEDV downregulates HNRNPA3 expression to promote the expression and activation of SREBF1 and increase cellular lipid accumulation, providing a novel mechanism by which PEDV interacts with the host to utilize cellular lipid metabolism to promote its replication. IMPORTANCE As the major components and structural basis of the viral replication complexes of positive-stranded RNA viruses, lipids play an essential role in viral replication. However, how PEDV manipulates host cell lipid metabolism to promote viral replication by interacting with cell proteins remains poorly understood. Here, we found that SREBF1 promotes cellular lipid synthesis, which is essential for PEDV replication. Moreover, HNRNPA3 negatively regulates SREBF1 activation and specifically reduces lipid accumulation, ultimately inhibiting PEDV dsRNA synthesis. Our study provides new insight into the mechanisms by which PEDV hijacks cell lipid metabolism to benefit viral replication, which can offer a potential target for therapeutics against PEDV infection.

Developing Next-Generation Live Attenuated Vaccines for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Using Reverse Genetic Techniques

“…Nsp9 can up-regulate and interact with histone cluster 2 (H2BE), which inhibits PEDV-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis, to facilitate PEDV replication [100]. In addition, PEDV nsp9 can also interact with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRNPA3), whose expression is down-regulated by PEDV infection in vitro and in vivo, leading to increased cellular lipid accumulation that provides a favorable environment for PEDV replication [101]. Although nsp10 alone is not an IFN antagonist, it can enhance the inhibitory effect of nsp16 on type I IFNs by activating the 2 ′ -O-MTase activity of nsp16 [102].…”