Pediatric surgery and the human microbiome

Carlisle, Erica M.; Morowitz, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.12.018

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Naïve CD4 + T cells (4x10 5 ), sorted for CD4 + CD25 - CD45RB hi by flow cytometry, were isolated from the mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes and spleens of mice treated with either PBS or antibiotics and transferred into RAG-1-deficient mice by intraperitoneal injection. Weights were followed weekly and colons were harvested for assessment at week 8.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maintenance of a normal microbiota is essential for the normal development and maintenance of fundamental processes, including gut organogenesis, intestinal immunity, barrier integrity, nutrient absorption, and prevention of pathogenic infections 1–4 . Our relationship with commensal bacteria is thus essential to our health, and forces that alter that relationship contribute to disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis, enteric infections, obesity, allergy, and asthma 5–7 . The “hygiene hypothesis” is based on the fundamental fact that we evolved in a microbe-rich environment that has become gradually sanitized in modern, industrialized societies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibiotic Treatment Induces Long-lasting Changes in the Fecal Microbiota that Protect Against Colitis

Ward

Phillips

Nguyen

et al. 2016

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Background The interplay between host genetics, immunity, and microbiota is central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous population-based studies suggested a link between antibiotic use and increased IBD risk, but the mechanisms are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effects of antibiotic administration on microbiota composition, innate immunity, and susceptibility to colitis, as well as the mechanism by which antibiotics alter host colitogenicity. Methods Wild-type mice were given broad-spectrum antibiotics or no antibiotics for two weeks, and subsequent immunophenotyping and 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based analysis of the fecal microbiome were performed six weeks later. In a separate experiment, control and antibiotic-treated mice were given seven days of DSS, six weeks after completing antibiotic treatment, and the severity of colitis scored histologically. Fecal transfer was performed from control or antibiotic-treated mice to recipient mice whose endogenous microbiota had been cleared with antibiotics, and the susceptibility of the recipients to DSS-induced colitis was analyzed. Naïve CD4+ T cells were transferred from control and antibiotic-treated mice to immunodeficient Rag-1-/- recipients and the severity of colitis compared. Results Antibiotics led to sustained dysbiosis and changes in T-cell subpopulations, including reductions in colonic lamina propria total T cells and CD4+ T cells. Antibiotics conferred protection against DSS colitis, and this effect was transferable by fecal transplant but not by naïve T cells. Conclusions Antibiotic exposure protects against colitis, and this effect is transferable with fecal microbiota from antibiotic-treated mice, supporting a protective effect of the microbial community.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Treatment Induces Long-lasting Changes in the Fecal Microbiota that Protect Against Colitis

Ward

Phillips

Nguyen

et al. 2016

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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“…Furthermore, early life colonization deficiencies have been associated with alterations in host metabolism and immune function (18, 19). In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), however, the promotion of potentially beneficial host-microbe interactions must be carefully balanced against the control of pathogen spread among a highly vulnerable patient population (20, 21). This is distinctively challenging with regard to the prevention and treatment of NEC, a disease in which the interrelated roles of antibiotic exposure, enteral feedings, and changes in the intestinal microbiota are imprecisely defined (10, 11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome Assembly across Multiple Body Sites in Low-Birthweight Infants

Costello

Carlisle

Bik

et al. 2013

mBio

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143

162

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition and richness of bacterial communities associated with low-birthweight (LBW) infants in relation to host body site, individual, and age. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes from saliva samples, skin swabs, and stool samples collected on postnatal days 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, and 21 from six LBW (five premature) infants were amplified, pyrosequenced, and analyzed within a comparative framework that included analogous data from normal-birthweight (NBW) infants and healthy adults. We found that body site was the primary determinant of bacterial community composition in the LBW infants. However, site specificity depended on postnatal age: saliva and stool compositions diverged over time but were not significantly different until the babies were 15 days old. This divergence was primarily driven by progressive temporal turnover in the distal gut, which proceeded at a rate similar to that of age-matched NBW infants. Neonatal skin was the most adult-like in microbiota composition, while saliva and stool remained the least so. Compositional variation among infants was marked and depended on body site and age. Only the smallest, most premature infant received antibiotics during the study period; this heralded a coexpansion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a novel Mycoplasma sp. in the oral cavity of this vaginally delivered, intubated patient. We conclude that concurrent molecular surveillance of multiple body sites in LBW neonates reveals a delayed compositional differentiation of the oral cavity and distal gut microbiota and, in the case of one infant, an abundant, uncultivated oral Mycoplasma sp., recently detected in human vaginal samples.

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“…Alteration in types of nutrient feeding has long been thought to impact the composition of the human intestinal microbiome 31 . Such fluctuations have been implicated in the development of a number of pathologic conditions including necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease 32 , obesity 33 and food allergies 34 . A deep understanding of the microbial shifts associated with each disease process has been difficult in humans as each person has a unique microbiome making concrete correlations challenging 35 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Microbial Diversity and Perioperative Complications

Ralls

Miyasaka

Teitelbaum

2013

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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Background and Aims Enteral nutrient deprivation via total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in a mouse model leads to a local mucosal inflammatory response. This pro-inflammatory response leads to a loss of epithelial barrier function and atrophy of the intestine. Although, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, a potential contributing factor is the impact TPN has on the intestinal microbiome. We recently identified a shift in the intestinal microbial community in mice given TPN; however, it is unknown whether such changes occur in humans. We hypothesized that similar microbial changes occur in humans during periods of enteral nutrient deprivation. Methods A series of small bowel specimens were obtained from pediatric and adult patients undergoing small intestinal resection. Mucosally-associated bacteria were harvested, and analyzed using 454 pyrosequencing techniques. Statistical analysis of microbial diversity and differences in microbial characteristics were assessed between enterally-fed and enterally-deprived portions of the intestine. Occurrence of post-operative infectious and anastomotic complications was also examined. Results Pyrosequencing demonstrated a wide variability in microbial diversity within all groups.. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated only a partial stratification of microbial communities between fed and enterally deprived groups. Interestingly, a tight correlation was identified in patients who had a low level of enteric microbial diversity and those who developed post-operative enteric-derived infections or intestinal anastomotic disruption. Conclusions Loss of enteral nutrients and systemic antibiotic therapy in humans is associated with a significant loss of microbial biodiversity within the small bowel mucosa. These changes were associated with a number of enteric-derived intestinal infections and intestinal anastomotic disruptions.

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Pediatric surgery and the human microbiome

Cited by 9 publications

References 104 publications

Antibiotic Treatment Induces Long-lasting Changes in the Fecal Microbiota that Protect Against Colitis

Antibiotic Treatment Induces Long-lasting Changes in the Fecal Microbiota that Protect Against Colitis

Microbiome Assembly across Multiple Body Sites in Low-Birthweight Infants

Intestinal Microbial Diversity and Perioperative Complications

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